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اسÙÙØ¨ Ø§ÙØ§ÙØ³ØØ§Ø¨Ø§Øª Ø§ÙØªÙتÙÙÙØ© !!!!!! Ù ÙØ°Ø§ ÙÙØ¯ ÙØ±Ø±Øª ا٠ابدا ÙØ°Ø§ اÙÙ ÙØ¶Ùع باÙÙØ³Ù اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙ ÙØ¨Ù اÙÙØ³Ù Ø§ÙØ§Ø³Ùا٠٠Ù٠ا ÙÙØª Ø§ÙØ¹Ù ÙØ§ÙÙÙ Ø³Ø§ÙØ±Ø± عÙÙ٠٠ا ØªÙØ±Ø¨ Ù Ù٠٠ساضÙ٠اÙÙÙØ§ اÙÙØ¯Ø§Ùا تÙ٠اÙÙØ¯Ùا Ù Ø§ÙØµØ¯Ù ات تÙÙ Ø§ÙØµØ¯Ù ات ÙÙØ¹Ù٠اÙÙØ§Ø±Ø¦ اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙ ØÙÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ±ÙÙØ¹Ø§Øª اÙÙØ§Ø´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙ ÙØ±ÙعÙÙÙØ§ اÙÙ ÙØµØ±ÙÙ ØØªÙ ÙØØªÙÙ Ø§ÙØ³Ø°Ø¬ ٠اÙÙØ·Ùع Ø§ÙØºØ§ÙÙ Ø¹Ù Ø§ÙØÙÙÙØ© Ù Ù Ø§ÙØÙÙÙØ©
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1. ÙÙØÙØ§ Ø°ÙØ¨Ù اÙÙÙ ÙØØ±Ø¶ عÙÙ ÙØ±Ù اÙÙÙÙØ¯ Ù ÙØµØ±Ø با٠اÙÙÙ ÙÙØ±Ù اÙÙÙÙØ¯ ٠اÙÙØ§Ø¬Ø¨ عÙ٠اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙÙ٠بغض اÙÙÙÙØ¯ !!!
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2. اÙÙØ¯Ùس Hilary of Poitiers ÙØ·Ø§Ùب اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙÙ Ø¨Ø¹Ø¯Ù Ù Ø®Ø§ÙØ·Ø© اÙÙÙÙØ¯ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ·Ø¹Ø§Ù ٠عد٠رد Ø§ÙØªØÙØ© ÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ·Ø±Ùات !!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙÙØ³ اÙ٠صدر Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 22- 23 :
((It is related of Hilary of Poitiers that his orthodoxy was such that he would not eat with a Jew or even answer Jewish salutations in the street, conduct which amazed Venantius Fortunatus, his biographer.52 This is more understandable if Hilary really believed, as he wrote, that "before the Law was given, the Jews were possessed of an unclean devil, which the Law for a time drove out, but which returned immediately after their rejection of Christ."53 In another passage, commenting on the fifty-first psalm, Hilary writes that the strong man who scoffs at the righteous is to be applied to the Jews, who are that wicked people which has always persisted in iniquity and has gloried in wickednessFor Israel was mighty when in slavery it was visited by God; when on its account Egypt was struck by so many plagues; when in three days of darkness it did not feel the dark; when it left Egypt to its fate despoiled of gold and silver ornaments; when it was accompanied day and night by a column of smoke and fire . . . In all these things it
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was mighty. But ever it was mighty in wickedness; when it longed for the flesh-pots of Egypt; when through its wickedness it preferred an unholy slavery to a holy liberty; when it worshipped the calf; when it cursed Moses; when it hated God; when it vowed its sons as offerings to demons; when it killed the prophets, and finally when it betrayed to the praetor and crucified our God Himself and Lord, who for its sake became man. And so, glorying throughout all its existence in Iniquity when it was mighty, it was persistently in iniquity where it showed its might. ))
3. Ø§ÙØ±Ø§ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ³Ø±ÙاÙÙ ÙÙØ¹Ù اÙÙÙÙØ¯Ù Ù ÙØµÙÙ٠باÙÙÙ Ù Ø¬Ù ÙØ¹Ø© ٠٠اÙ٠ختÙÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙØ§ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ø¨ÙØªØ§ !!!! Ù ÙÙ ÙØ°Ø§ ÙØ§Ù اÙÙÙÙØ¯ÙØ© ابدت Ù ÙØ§ÙÙ Ø© ÙØ§ÙÙØ§Ø± اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙØ© ٠تصدت ÙÙØ§ ب٠صار ÙÙØ§Ù ØØ§Ùات ردة ٠٠اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙØ© اÙ٠اÙÙÙÙØ¯ÙØ© !!!.
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙÙØ³ اÙ٠صدر Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 36- 37 :
(( In passionate hatred of the Jews, Ephraem Syrus (ob. 373) surpasses all church fathers before or after him. In many of his extant works he rages against the Jews. His resentment is curious, for it is doubtful that he knew many of them. His anger was aroused by Judaism's powers of resistance, for he was forced to bear witness to its ability to acquire proselytes even at this time of severe oppression. We learn from Ephraem as from Justin and Origen that the old faith received at this period numerous accessions from heathendom. Ephraem declares that the heathens are deluded by the Jewish missionaries.104
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Ephraem calls the Jews the "circumcised vagabonds," and Judaism a worthless vineyard which cannot bear fruit.103 He frequently refers to the wretched condition of the Jews, which he regards as a punishment sent from God.106 Because they reviled Jesus, the Lord has banished them from their land, and now they are condemned to wander over the whole face of the earth.107 After Julian's death Ephraem composed four hymns: the first against Julian; the second against heresies; the third against apostasy; and the fourth against the Jews. Some quotations from these may show more clearly the tenor of Ephraem's violent anti-Jewish feelings:108
The Jewish people broke out into maddening noise; the circumcised blew their trumpets and rejoiced that Julian was a magician and a worshipper of idols. They saw again the image of the beast on his gold pieces; they again viewed the bull of shame and danced around it with trumpets and timbals, for they recognized in this beast their ancient golden calf. The heathen bull, imprinted on their hearts, he stamped on his coins for the delectation of the Jews, who were enamored of him. The circumcised blew their trumpets and behaved like madmen. Jerusalem put to shame the accursed crucifiers who had dared to announce that they would rebuild the ruins their sins had wrought. Fire broke out and destroyed the scholars who had read in Daniel that the desolation would endure forever. Look, Christians live in peace, free from the possessed, free from contact with the servants of the devil ))
4. اÙÙØ¯Ùس باسÙÙ ÙØ·Ø§Ùب اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙÙ Ø¨Ø§ÙØ§Ø¨ØªØ¹Ø§Ø¯ ع٠اÙÙÙÙØ¯ ØØªÙ ÙØ§ ÙØªØ§Ø«Ø±Ùا باÙÙØ§Ø±ÙÙ !!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙÙØ³ اÙ٠صدر Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 38 - 39 :
(( St. Basil also had little use for Jews. In his Homily XXIV he says: "The Jews fight with the pagans, but both combat the Christians, just as the Assyrians and others were enemies to the ancient Israel. We Christians thus should avoid the blasphemy of the Jews who slaughtered God's Son, fearing contamination from them."113 In Basil's Commentary on Isaiah there are further anti-Jewish testimonies. The Jews tore out God's eyes when they nailed the Savior to the cross. Furthermore the Blood of the Son is upon them and upon their children forevermore."114 The Jews have
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been found out through their hardness of heart; they neither choose the path of life by good deeds nor alter their false ideas and believe in Christ."115 ))
5. اÙÙØ¯Ùس Ø¢Ù Ø¨Ø±ÙØ² ÙÙØµÙ Ø© Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§Ø±!!! ÙØ¯Ø§Ùع ع٠ÙÙØ§Ù Ù Ø¬Ù ÙØ¹Ø© ٠٠اÙÙÙÙØ© Ù٠٠دÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØ±ÙØ© Ø¨ØªØØ±Ùض اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙÙ ÙÙÙØ§ عÙÙ ØØ±Ù ÙÙÙØ³ ÙÙÙØ¯Ù Ù Ø³Ø±ÙØ© ٠ا ÙÙÙ Ù Ø§ÙØ§ÙÙØ Ù ÙÙØ§ اÙÙ ÙØØ¶ Ø§ÙØ§Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø·ÙØ± عÙ٠عد٠اعادة Ø¨ÙØ§Ø¡ اÙÙÙÙØ³ ÙØµØ§ÙØ Ø§ÙÙÙÙØ¯ "Ø§ÙØ®Ø¨Ø«Ø§Ø¡" ٠عÙ٠عد٠ارجاع ٠ا اخذ٠اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙ٠٠٠اÙÙÙÙØ³ !!!!! اÙÙ Ø§ÙØØ¨ عÙ٠اصÙÙ٠٠ادارة Ø§ÙØ®Ø¯ Ø§ÙØ§Ø®Ø± Ø¨Ù ÙØ·Ù اÙÙÙØ§Ù !!!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙÙØ³ Ø§ÙØµÙ در Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 42-43 :
((he first trouble between Ambrose and Theodosius was
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in December, 388. Ambrose had gone to Aquileia, probably to conduct the funeral of Bishop Valerian and consecrate his successor Chromatus.132 A little while before, news had come of a religious riot which had occurred at Callinicum (modern Al-Rakka), a town of commercial importance on the Euphrates.133 The Count of the East had reported that the Christians of Callinicum, at the instigation of their bishop, had burnt a Jewish synagogue after stripping it of valuables; furthermore some monks had burnt a village chapel, situated in the midst of a sacred grove which belonged to the sect of Valentinians. Such disorders, particularly the destruction of synagogues, had recently become common in all parts of the empire.134 It was obvious that decisive action was necessary. Therefore Theodosius directed the Count of the East to force the bishop of Callinicum to rebuild the synagogue at his own expense (since he admittedly started the fire), and to restore the stolen properties; the monks and others implicated were to be punished.
Ambrose heard about this at Aquileia and wrote to Theodosius in Milan demanding that he rescind his orders.135 Ambrose approached the subject delicately with anxiety about giving offense. After a careful preface he protests vigorously against the rebuilding of the place of worship for God's enemies. To do this would be apostasy for the bishop; if he refused to obey the emperor and was punished he would be a martyr. Ambrose writes that he himself would gladly take the bishop's place and suffer martyrdom. He would himself gladly assume responsibility for the bishop's actions: "I am present here before you and confess my guilt. I proclaim that I set the synagogue on fire or at least ordered others to do so, so that no building should be left where Christ is denied. If you ask me why I have not burned the local synagogue, I answer that the judgment of God had already begun its destruction, so my intervention was not needed."136 Ambrose feels that even if the bishop of Callinicum were personally excused, it would be monstrous if a Jewish synagogue were to be restored at the expense of the Christian state or Christian citizens: "Shall a building be erected for perfidious Jews out of the spoils of the church? Shall the patrimony which by the favor of Christ has been acquired for Christians be transferred to the treasury of un-
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believers? If such a thing were done, the Jews might well inscribe on the front of their synagogue the title, 'Temple of impiety erected out of Christian spoil'."137
To the contention that public order must be maintained, Ambrose replied that during Julian's reign many churches had been destroyed by Jews and heathen two at Damascus, and others at Alexandria, Gaza, Ascalon, Berytus, and various other cities and the crimes had not been punished. Why then should there be such a commotion about the burning of a mean provincial synagogue, a haunt of infidels, a house of the impious, a hiding place for madmen, a virtually heathen temple which was under the damnation of God Himself? Theodosius should not think of restoring stolen properties, for it is inconceivable that a squalid synagogue of the provinces could have possessed any treasures. The perfidious Jews had obviously trumped up the robbery charges, so that on perjured evidence Christians could be condemned to the mines, the axe, and the fire:
"Will you give the Jews this triumph over the church of God? This victory over the people of Christ? Will you give this joy to unbelievers, this festival to the synagogue, this sorrow to the church? The Jews will place this solemnity among their feast days, numbering it among those which commemorate their triumphs over the Amorites, etc."138 Ambrose then concludes with a threat, "I beseech you, sir, do not disdain to listen to me, who fear both for you and me. In remonstrating, I have certainly treated you with the greatest possible respect, so that you might hear me in the palace, and not force me to make myself heard in the church."139 ))
6. اÙÙØ¯Ùس Ø§Ù Ø¨Ø±ÙØ³Ùاستر ÙØ·Ø§Ùب اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙÙ Ø¨Ø¹Ø¯Ù Ù Ø®Ø§ÙØ·Ø© اÙÙÙÙØ¯ ÙØ§Ù اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙ ÙØ¯ ÙØªÙجس ØÙÙÙØ§ !!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØµÙ در Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 44- 45 :
(( The church writer "Ambrosiaster," who was perhaps himself a converted Jew, is not much less harsh towards the Jews than Ambrose,
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with whose works Ambrosiaster's were confused until the beginning of the seventeenth century. In his Commentary on Romans IX he declares that the Jews are to be treated as apostates from Christianity and as men who have known the truth but have rejected it.143 A portion of his Sermon VII on the Kalends of January is even more condemnatory. Here he states:
We ought to avoid contact not only with the pagans, but also with the Jews, for mixing with them is a pollution. For they craftily get into people's good graces, enter their homes, invade the courts, and disturb the judges and laymen alike; and the more they succeed, the bolder they become. For they are not recently become evil, but it is a long standing and original fault. For once they even persecuted Christ the Saviour in the courts, and condemned him by the laws. The innocent are persecuted by the Jews therefore in court, and then religion is condemned. For when Christ was killed, all truth and justice before the law was condemned. ))
7. اÙÙØ¯Ùس Ø¬ÙØ±ÙÙ ÙØµØ±Ø Ø¨Ø¨ØºØ¶Ù ÙØ±ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙØ¯ ٠شب٠٠عابدÙÙ Ø¨Ø§ÙØ²Ø§ÙÙØ© Ù Ø§ÙØ¨ØºÙØ© !!!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙÙØ³ اÙ٠صدر Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 51- 52:
(( In some of his letters Jerome also displays strong anti-Jewish feelings, and even about Jews who had done him personal favors. Writing in Bethlehem about his knowledge of Hebrew, Jerome makes these slurs on his Jewish teacher: "What trouble and expense it cost to get Bar Aninas to teach me under cover of night! For by his fear of the Jews he presented to me in his own person a second edition of Nicodemus. . . . If it is expedient to hate any men and to loathe any race I have a strange dislike for those of the circumcision. For up to the present day, they persecute our Lord Jesus Christ in the synagogues of Satan."164 Some years later when writing to Augustine, Jerome repeated these statements, showing that none of his hatred had passed away: "But if we must take up the Jews with orthodox Christians, then they will be able to see those things in the churches of Christ, which they curse in the synagogues of Satan. I should say what I think the Jews will not be made Christians, but they will make us Jews."165
Jerome also writes bitterly of the Jews he despised in the Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. He writes that the Jews say they are Hebrews's and they are not; they lie, for they are from the Synagogue of Satan. Nor should one wonder if in imitation of the Spiritual Israel the Jews have established a carnal Israel, which has neither peace nor pity.166 His tone in the Hosea commentary is even more violent: "A fornicatress is a woman who has had intercourse with several men. An adultress, one who, deserting her true spouse, joins herself to another. The Synagogue is both of these, and if she
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continues in fornication and adultery, God will strip off her clothes and remove the ornaments which He gave her."167 Jerome even maintains that the Jews and their adherents were still "persecuting" the Christians of his day, something very hard to believe in the light of the other evidence previously reviewed: "Right up to the present time, moreover, those who interpret the Scriptures according to the Jewish manner persecute the Church of Christ, and fill the church not with zeal for the word of God, but with the traditions of depraved individuals."168 Note how vague these references to the "depraved" Jews are. ))
8. اÙÙØ¯Ùس اغسطÙÙ ÙØ´Ø¨Ù اÙÙÙÙØ¯ باÙÙÙ Ø¹Ø¨ÙØ¯ اÙÙØµØ§Ø±Ù ٠اÙÙ ÙÙØ¨ØºÙ ÙÙÙ Ø§Ù ÙØ¨Ù٠٠تشتتÙÙ Ù ÙÙ ÙØ¹Ùا ٠٠دخÙ٠اÙÙØ¯Ø³ بتاتا !!!
((Compared with Jerome, Augustine was very mild toward the Jews. The correspondence between these two fathers alone will demonstrate this. The African bishop, however, feels a great sense of Christian superiority. "The Jews," he declares, "are our attendant slaves, who carry, as it were, our satchels and bear the manuscripts while we study them. . . . When we argue with the heathen we adduce the predictions found in the Bible written by the Jews."171 Commenting on Psalm 63, he declares that the Jews seek Christ's soul in vain, for, since they persecute or try to persecute the church, so much is certain about them. They will not relinquish the earth and its pleasures, and thus they crucified Christ.172
One of Augustine's main theses is that the Jews must be pre-
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served as the representatives of the old dispensation for the Christians the old dispensation which ended when Jesus was born. The Jewish race must not die out. To be sure, it has been conquered by the Romans, spread over the earth, and prohibited entrance to Jerusalem, but it is still the Jewish race. The Jews are never so conquered as to be absorbed by the victors. They possess the mark of Cain; for they circumcise their children after the law, they observe the Sabbath, they celebrate Passover, and they eat the unleavened bread. Therefore the Jews have not perished, and they are needful for the believing peoples. They must never be exterminated, only dispersed about the world as living testimony of God's displeasure.173 God is, as Jerome says, so wroth with them that the Jews arc now dispersed as spiritual mendicants: "Therefore these people [the Jews] have also become vagabonds, since they crucified God and our Lord. For they are not in their former abodes, but are spread over the whole earth. Here the Psalmist speaks of the beggary of spiritual riches which is upon them. For they have neither prophets, nor law, nor priesthood, nor sacrifice, but in truth they are made beggars." 174 ))
9. Ù ÙØ³ÙÙ ÙØ³ اÙÙ Ø¹ØªØ±Ù ÙØµÙ Ø§ÙØ¹Ø±Ø¨ باÙÙ٠ج Ù Ø§ÙØÙÙØ§Ùات Ø§ÙØ¨Ø±ÙØ© !!! (٠ا شاء اÙÙ٠عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ§Ø®Ùا٠طبعا ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ø§ اÙÙÙØ§Ù ÙØ§Ù اÙ٠سÙÙ ÙÙ Ø¯Ø¹Ø³ÙØ§ عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ§Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø·ÙØ±ÙØ© Ø§ÙØ±Ù٠اÙÙØ© Ù ÙØ²Ù ÙÙÙ Ù ÙØªØÙا Ø§ÙØ´Ø§Ù ٠٠صر ) .
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اسÙÙØ¨ Ø§ÙØ§ÙØ³ØØ§Ø¨Ø§Øª Ø§ÙØªÙتÙÙÙØ© !!!!!! Ù ÙØ°Ø§ ÙÙØ¯ ÙØ±Ø±Øª ا٠ابدا ÙØ°Ø§ اÙÙ ÙØ¶Ùع باÙÙØ³Ù اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙ ÙØ¨Ù اÙÙØ³Ù Ø§ÙØ§Ø³Ùا٠٠Ù٠ا ÙÙØª Ø§ÙØ¹Ù ÙØ§ÙÙÙ Ø³Ø§ÙØ±Ø± عÙÙ٠٠ا ØªÙØ±Ø¨ Ù Ù٠٠ساضÙ٠اÙÙÙØ§ اÙÙØ¯Ø§Ùا تÙ٠اÙÙØ¯Ùا Ù Ø§ÙØµØ¯Ù ات تÙÙ Ø§ÙØµØ¯Ù ات ÙÙØ¹Ù٠اÙÙØ§Ø±Ø¦ اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙ ØÙÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØªØ±ÙÙØ¹Ø§Øª اÙÙØ§Ø´ÙØ© Ø§ÙØªÙ ÙØ±ÙعÙÙÙØ§ اÙÙ ÙØµØ±ÙÙ ØØªÙ ÙØØªÙÙ Ø§ÙØ³Ø°Ø¬ ٠اÙÙØ·Ùع Ø§ÙØºØ§ÙÙ Ø¹Ù Ø§ÙØÙÙÙØ© Ù Ù Ø§ÙØÙÙÙØ©
اÙÙØ§ : اباء اÙÙÙÙØ³Ø© Ù Ø§ÙØØ¶ عÙÙ ÙØ±Ø§ÙÙØ© اÙÙÙÙØ¯ .
ÙØ¨Ø¯Ø§ ب٠ا Ø°ÙØ±ÙØ§Ù Ø³Ø§Ø¨ÙØ§ ٠٠ا عرعر Ù Ù٠تÙÙ ÙØ° Ø°Ù Ø§ÙØ®Ù ار :
1. ÙÙØÙØ§ Ø°ÙØ¨Ù اÙÙÙ ÙØØ±Ø¶ عÙÙ ÙØ±Ù اÙÙÙÙØ¯ Ù ÙØµØ±Ø با٠اÙÙÙ ÙÙØ±Ù اÙÙÙÙØ¯ ٠اÙÙØ§Ø¬Ø¨ عÙ٠اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙÙ٠بغض اÙÙÙÙØ¯ !!!
ÙÙÙØ±Ø§ ÙÙÙ ÙØ§Ù اباء اÙÙÙÙØ³Ø© ÙØ¨Ø§Ø¯ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙÙØ¯ Ø·ÙÙØ³ اÙÙ
ØØ¨Ø© !!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù The Persecution of the Jews in the Roman Empire (300-428) Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 38-39 ÙÙÙØ§ØªØ¨ James Everett Seaver
(( Athanasius, the orthodox Alexandrine bishop, has some hard things to say of the Jews. In his Oratio de incarnatione verbi he claims that the Jews mock the faith of the Christians and scoff at the true prophecies of the incarnation."112 St. Basil also had little use for Jews. In his Homily XXIV he says: "The Jews fight with the pagans, but both combat the Christians, just as the Assyrians and others were enemies to the ancient Israel. We Christians thus should avoid the blasphemy of the Jews who slaughtered God's Son, fearing contamination from them."113 In Basil's Commentary on Isaiah there are further anti-Jewish testimonies. The Jews tore out God's eyes when they nailed the Savior to the cross. Furthermore the Blood of the Son is upon them and upon their children forevermore ."114 The Jews have been found out through their hardness of heart; they neither choose the path of life by good deeds nor alter their false ideas and believe in Christ.
.... In Chrysostom's discourses there is no sneer too mean or gibe too bitter to fling at the Jews. No text is too remote, no argument too caustic, or blasphemy too startling for him to employ. The only explanation for his bitterness is the very close fellowship between the Jews and Christians of Antioch."119 There is no suggestion that the Jews are immoral or vicious or that Christians were corrupted in morals or orthodoxy by contact with them. Only one contemporary event is related, apart from general denunciations against visiting synagogues at times of Jewish feast or fast. This is the case of the Christian woman who took an oath in the house of a Jew, because she believed a vow taken in the Jewish manner was more binding than any other. To Chrysostom's eyes the crime was not only the Jewish oath, but also the circumstance that a Christian woman had been taken into a Jewish house.120
There is no material in these sermons for a study of contemporary Jewish life, for events and beliefs of centuries earlier are quoted as if contemporary. Using Psalm XCVI, 37,he states that the Jews sacrificed their sons and daughters to devils; they outraged nature, and overthrew from their foundations the laws of relationship. They have become worse than wild beasts, and for no reason at all; with their own hands they murder their offspring to worship the avenging devils who are the foes of our life
.121 The synagogues of the Jews are the homes of idolatry and devils, even though they have no images in them.122 They are worse than heathen circuses, and the very idea of going from a church to a synagogue is blasphemous; to attend the Jewish Passover is to insult Christ.123 To be with Jews on the very day when they murdered Jesus is to ensure that on the Day of Judgment He will say, "Depart from me! for you have had intercourse with my murderers."124 Some say that the synagogue is hallowed by the presence of the Bible, but one might just as well say that the temple of Dagon was hallowed by the ark. Actually the presence of the Bible makes the synagogues more detestable, for the Jews have introduced it not to honor God, but to insult and dishonor Him.125 The Jews do not worship God but devils, so that their feasts are Unclean.126 God hates them and indeed has always hated them; since their murder of Jesus He allows them no time for repentance .127 He concentrated all their worship in Jerusalem so that He might more easily destroy it."128 ......))
Ù ÙÙØ³Ù ع Ø§ÙØ§Ù اÙÙØ§Ø±Ø«Ø© ٠بÙÙØ© ÙÙØ§Ù ÙÙØÙØ§ Ø°ÙØ¨Ù اÙÙÙ Ù ÙØµØ§Ø¦Ø Ø§ÙØØ¨ Ø§ÙØªÙ ÙÙØ¯Ù ÙØ§ ÙØ§ØªØ¨Ø§Ø¹ اÙÙÙÙØ³Ø©
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù The Persecution of the Jews in the Roman Empire (300-428) Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 38-39 ÙÙÙØ§ØªØ¨ James Everett Seaver
(( Athanasius, the orthodox Alexandrine bishop, has some hard things to say of the Jews. In his Oratio de incarnatione verbi he claims that the Jews mock the faith of the Christians and scoff at the true prophecies of the incarnation."112 St. Basil also had little use for Jews. In his Homily XXIV he says: "The Jews fight with the pagans, but both combat the Christians, just as the Assyrians and others were enemies to the ancient Israel. We Christians thus should avoid the blasphemy of the Jews who slaughtered God's Son, fearing contamination from them."113 In Basil's Commentary on Isaiah there are further anti-Jewish testimonies. The Jews tore out God's eyes when they nailed the Savior to the cross. Furthermore the Blood of the Son is upon them and upon their children forevermore ."114 The Jews have been found out through their hardness of heart; they neither choose the path of life by good deeds nor alter their false ideas and believe in Christ.
.... In Chrysostom's discourses there is no sneer too mean or gibe too bitter to fling at the Jews. No text is too remote, no argument too caustic, or blasphemy too startling for him to employ. The only explanation for his bitterness is the very close fellowship between the Jews and Christians of Antioch."119 There is no suggestion that the Jews are immoral or vicious or that Christians were corrupted in morals or orthodoxy by contact with them. Only one contemporary event is related, apart from general denunciations against visiting synagogues at times of Jewish feast or fast. This is the case of the Christian woman who took an oath in the house of a Jew, because she believed a vow taken in the Jewish manner was more binding than any other. To Chrysostom's eyes the crime was not only the Jewish oath, but also the circumstance that a Christian woman had been taken into a Jewish house.120
There is no material in these sermons for a study of contemporary Jewish life, for events and beliefs of centuries earlier are quoted as if contemporary. Using Psalm XCVI, 37,he states that the Jews sacrificed their sons and daughters to devils; they outraged nature, and overthrew from their foundations the laws of relationship. They have become worse than wild beasts, and for no reason at all; with their own hands they murder their offspring to worship the avenging devils who are the foes of our life
.121 The synagogues of the Jews are the homes of idolatry and devils, even though they have no images in them.122 They are worse than heathen circuses, and the very idea of going from a church to a synagogue is blasphemous; to attend the Jewish Passover is to insult Christ.123 To be with Jews on the very day when they murdered Jesus is to ensure that on the Day of Judgment He will say, "Depart from me! for you have had intercourse with my murderers."124 Some say that the synagogue is hallowed by the presence of the Bible, but one might just as well say that the temple of Dagon was hallowed by the ark. Actually the presence of the Bible makes the synagogues more detestable, for the Jews have introduced it not to honor God, but to insult and dishonor Him.125 The Jews do not worship God but devils, so that their feasts are Unclean.126 God hates them and indeed has always hated them; since their murder of Jesus He allows them no time for repentance .127 He concentrated all their worship in Jerusalem so that He might more easily destroy it."128 ......))
Ù ÙÙØ³Ù ع Ø§ÙØ§Ù اÙÙØ§Ø±Ø«Ø© ٠بÙÙØ© ÙÙØ§Ù ÙÙØÙØ§ Ø°ÙØ¨Ù اÙÙÙ Ù ÙØµØ§Ø¦Ø Ø§ÙØØ¨ Ø§ÙØªÙ ÙÙØ¯Ù ÙØ§ ÙØ§ØªØ¨Ø§Ø¹ اÙÙÙÙØ³Ø©
((Since God hates the Jews, it is the duty of Christians to hate them, too. He who has no limits in his love of Christ must have no limits in his battle with those who hate Him. "I hate the Jews," Chrysostom exclaims, "for they have the Law and they insult it."130 ))
https://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carr...aver/text.html2. اÙÙØ¯Ùس Hilary of Poitiers ÙØ·Ø§Ùب اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙÙ Ø¨Ø¹Ø¯Ù Ù Ø®Ø§ÙØ·Ø© اÙÙÙÙØ¯ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ·Ø¹Ø§Ù ٠عد٠رد Ø§ÙØªØÙØ© ÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ·Ø±Ùات !!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙÙØ³ اÙ٠صدر Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 22- 23 :
((It is related of Hilary of Poitiers that his orthodoxy was such that he would not eat with a Jew or even answer Jewish salutations in the street, conduct which amazed Venantius Fortunatus, his biographer.52 This is more understandable if Hilary really believed, as he wrote, that "before the Law was given, the Jews were possessed of an unclean devil, which the Law for a time drove out, but which returned immediately after their rejection of Christ."53 In another passage, commenting on the fifty-first psalm, Hilary writes that the strong man who scoffs at the righteous is to be applied to the Jews, who are that wicked people which has always persisted in iniquity and has gloried in wickednessFor Israel was mighty when in slavery it was visited by God; when on its account Egypt was struck by so many plagues; when in three days of darkness it did not feel the dark; when it left Egypt to its fate despoiled of gold and silver ornaments; when it was accompanied day and night by a column of smoke and fire . . . In all these things it
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was mighty. But ever it was mighty in wickedness; when it longed for the flesh-pots of Egypt; when through its wickedness it preferred an unholy slavery to a holy liberty; when it worshipped the calf; when it cursed Moses; when it hated God; when it vowed its sons as offerings to demons; when it killed the prophets, and finally when it betrayed to the praetor and crucified our God Himself and Lord, who for its sake became man. And so, glorying throughout all its existence in Iniquity when it was mighty, it was persistently in iniquity where it showed its might. ))
3. Ø§ÙØ±Ø§ÙÙ Ø§ÙØ³Ø±ÙاÙÙ ÙÙØ¹Ù اÙÙÙÙØ¯Ù Ù ÙØµÙÙ٠باÙÙÙ Ù Ø¬Ù ÙØ¹Ø© ٠٠اÙ٠ختÙÙÙÙ Ø§ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙØ§ ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ø¨ÙØªØ§ !!!! Ù ÙÙ ÙØ°Ø§ ÙØ§Ù اÙÙÙÙØ¯ÙØ© ابدت Ù ÙØ§ÙÙ Ø© ÙØ§ÙÙØ§Ø± اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙØ© ٠تصدت ÙÙØ§ ب٠صار ÙÙØ§Ù ØØ§Ùات ردة ٠٠اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙØ© اÙ٠اÙÙÙÙØ¯ÙØ© !!!.
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙÙØ³ اÙ٠صدر Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 36- 37 :
(( In passionate hatred of the Jews, Ephraem Syrus (ob. 373) surpasses all church fathers before or after him. In many of his extant works he rages against the Jews. His resentment is curious, for it is doubtful that he knew many of them. His anger was aroused by Judaism's powers of resistance, for he was forced to bear witness to its ability to acquire proselytes even at this time of severe oppression. We learn from Ephraem as from Justin and Origen that the old faith received at this period numerous accessions from heathendom. Ephraem declares that the heathens are deluded by the Jewish missionaries.104
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Ephraem calls the Jews the "circumcised vagabonds," and Judaism a worthless vineyard which cannot bear fruit.103 He frequently refers to the wretched condition of the Jews, which he regards as a punishment sent from God.106 Because they reviled Jesus, the Lord has banished them from their land, and now they are condemned to wander over the whole face of the earth.107 After Julian's death Ephraem composed four hymns: the first against Julian; the second against heresies; the third against apostasy; and the fourth against the Jews. Some quotations from these may show more clearly the tenor of Ephraem's violent anti-Jewish feelings:108
The Jewish people broke out into maddening noise; the circumcised blew their trumpets and rejoiced that Julian was a magician and a worshipper of idols. They saw again the image of the beast on his gold pieces; they again viewed the bull of shame and danced around it with trumpets and timbals, for they recognized in this beast their ancient golden calf. The heathen bull, imprinted on their hearts, he stamped on his coins for the delectation of the Jews, who were enamored of him. The circumcised blew their trumpets and behaved like madmen. Jerusalem put to shame the accursed crucifiers who had dared to announce that they would rebuild the ruins their sins had wrought. Fire broke out and destroyed the scholars who had read in Daniel that the desolation would endure forever. Look, Christians live in peace, free from the possessed, free from contact with the servants of the devil ))
4. اÙÙØ¯Ùس باسÙÙ ÙØ·Ø§Ùب اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙÙ Ø¨Ø§ÙØ§Ø¨ØªØ¹Ø§Ø¯ ع٠اÙÙÙÙØ¯ ØØªÙ ÙØ§ ÙØªØ§Ø«Ø±Ùا باÙÙØ§Ø±ÙÙ !!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙÙØ³ اÙ٠صدر Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 38 - 39 :
(( St. Basil also had little use for Jews. In his Homily XXIV he says: "The Jews fight with the pagans, but both combat the Christians, just as the Assyrians and others were enemies to the ancient Israel. We Christians thus should avoid the blasphemy of the Jews who slaughtered God's Son, fearing contamination from them."113 In Basil's Commentary on Isaiah there are further anti-Jewish testimonies. The Jews tore out God's eyes when they nailed the Savior to the cross. Furthermore the Blood of the Son is upon them and upon their children forevermore."114 The Jews have
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been found out through their hardness of heart; they neither choose the path of life by good deeds nor alter their false ideas and believe in Christ."115 ))
5. اÙÙØ¯Ùس Ø¢Ù Ø¨Ø±ÙØ² ÙÙØµÙ Ø© Ø§ÙØ¹Ø§Ø±!!! ÙØ¯Ø§Ùع ع٠ÙÙØ§Ù Ù Ø¬Ù ÙØ¹Ø© ٠٠اÙÙÙÙØ© Ù٠٠دÙÙØ© Ø§ÙØ±ÙØ© Ø¨ØªØØ±Ùض اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙÙ ÙÙÙØ§ عÙÙ ØØ±Ù ÙÙÙØ³ ÙÙÙØ¯Ù Ù Ø³Ø±ÙØ© ٠ا ÙÙÙ Ù Ø§ÙØ§ÙÙØ Ù ÙÙØ§ اÙÙ ÙØØ¶ Ø§ÙØ§Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø·ÙØ± عÙ٠عد٠اعادة Ø¨ÙØ§Ø¡ اÙÙÙÙØ³ ÙØµØ§ÙØ Ø§ÙÙÙÙØ¯ "Ø§ÙØ®Ø¨Ø«Ø§Ø¡" ٠عÙ٠عد٠ارجاع ٠ا اخذ٠اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙ٠٠٠اÙÙÙÙØ³ !!!!! اÙÙ Ø§ÙØØ¨ عÙ٠اصÙÙ٠٠ادارة Ø§ÙØ®Ø¯ Ø§ÙØ§Ø®Ø± Ø¨Ù ÙØ·Ù اÙÙÙØ§Ù !!!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙÙØ³ Ø§ÙØµÙ در Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 42-43 :
((he first trouble between Ambrose and Theodosius was
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in December, 388. Ambrose had gone to Aquileia, probably to conduct the funeral of Bishop Valerian and consecrate his successor Chromatus.132 A little while before, news had come of a religious riot which had occurred at Callinicum (modern Al-Rakka), a town of commercial importance on the Euphrates.133 The Count of the East had reported that the Christians of Callinicum, at the instigation of their bishop, had burnt a Jewish synagogue after stripping it of valuables; furthermore some monks had burnt a village chapel, situated in the midst of a sacred grove which belonged to the sect of Valentinians. Such disorders, particularly the destruction of synagogues, had recently become common in all parts of the empire.134 It was obvious that decisive action was necessary. Therefore Theodosius directed the Count of the East to force the bishop of Callinicum to rebuild the synagogue at his own expense (since he admittedly started the fire), and to restore the stolen properties; the monks and others implicated were to be punished.
Ambrose heard about this at Aquileia and wrote to Theodosius in Milan demanding that he rescind his orders.135 Ambrose approached the subject delicately with anxiety about giving offense. After a careful preface he protests vigorously against the rebuilding of the place of worship for God's enemies. To do this would be apostasy for the bishop; if he refused to obey the emperor and was punished he would be a martyr. Ambrose writes that he himself would gladly take the bishop's place and suffer martyrdom. He would himself gladly assume responsibility for the bishop's actions: "I am present here before you and confess my guilt. I proclaim that I set the synagogue on fire or at least ordered others to do so, so that no building should be left where Christ is denied. If you ask me why I have not burned the local synagogue, I answer that the judgment of God had already begun its destruction, so my intervention was not needed."136 Ambrose feels that even if the bishop of Callinicum were personally excused, it would be monstrous if a Jewish synagogue were to be restored at the expense of the Christian state or Christian citizens: "Shall a building be erected for perfidious Jews out of the spoils of the church? Shall the patrimony which by the favor of Christ has been acquired for Christians be transferred to the treasury of un-
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believers? If such a thing were done, the Jews might well inscribe on the front of their synagogue the title, 'Temple of impiety erected out of Christian spoil'."137
To the contention that public order must be maintained, Ambrose replied that during Julian's reign many churches had been destroyed by Jews and heathen two at Damascus, and others at Alexandria, Gaza, Ascalon, Berytus, and various other cities and the crimes had not been punished. Why then should there be such a commotion about the burning of a mean provincial synagogue, a haunt of infidels, a house of the impious, a hiding place for madmen, a virtually heathen temple which was under the damnation of God Himself? Theodosius should not think of restoring stolen properties, for it is inconceivable that a squalid synagogue of the provinces could have possessed any treasures. The perfidious Jews had obviously trumped up the robbery charges, so that on perjured evidence Christians could be condemned to the mines, the axe, and the fire:
"Will you give the Jews this triumph over the church of God? This victory over the people of Christ? Will you give this joy to unbelievers, this festival to the synagogue, this sorrow to the church? The Jews will place this solemnity among their feast days, numbering it among those which commemorate their triumphs over the Amorites, etc."138 Ambrose then concludes with a threat, "I beseech you, sir, do not disdain to listen to me, who fear both for you and me. In remonstrating, I have certainly treated you with the greatest possible respect, so that you might hear me in the palace, and not force me to make myself heard in the church."139 ))
6. اÙÙØ¯Ùس Ø§Ù Ø¨Ø±ÙØ³Ùاستر ÙØ·Ø§Ùب اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙÙÙ Ø¨Ø¹Ø¯Ù Ù Ø®Ø§ÙØ·Ø© اÙÙÙÙØ¯ ÙØ§Ù اÙÙ Ø³ÙØÙ ÙØ¯ ÙØªÙجس ØÙÙÙØ§ !!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù Ø§ÙØµÙ در Ø§ÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 44- 45 :
(( The church writer "Ambrosiaster," who was perhaps himself a converted Jew, is not much less harsh towards the Jews than Ambrose,
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with whose works Ambrosiaster's were confused until the beginning of the seventeenth century. In his Commentary on Romans IX he declares that the Jews are to be treated as apostates from Christianity and as men who have known the truth but have rejected it.143 A portion of his Sermon VII on the Kalends of January is even more condemnatory. Here he states:
We ought to avoid contact not only with the pagans, but also with the Jews, for mixing with them is a pollution. For they craftily get into people's good graces, enter their homes, invade the courts, and disturb the judges and laymen alike; and the more they succeed, the bolder they become. For they are not recently become evil, but it is a long standing and original fault. For once they even persecuted Christ the Saviour in the courts, and condemned him by the laws. The innocent are persecuted by the Jews therefore in court, and then religion is condemned. For when Christ was killed, all truth and justice before the law was condemned. ))
7. اÙÙØ¯Ùس Ø¬ÙØ±ÙÙ ÙØµØ±Ø Ø¨Ø¨ØºØ¶Ù ÙØ±ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙØ¯ ٠شب٠٠عابدÙÙ Ø¨Ø§ÙØ²Ø§ÙÙØ© Ù Ø§ÙØ¨ØºÙØ© !!!!
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙÙØ³ اÙ٠صدر Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 51- 52:
(( In some of his letters Jerome also displays strong anti-Jewish feelings, and even about Jews who had done him personal favors. Writing in Bethlehem about his knowledge of Hebrew, Jerome makes these slurs on his Jewish teacher: "What trouble and expense it cost to get Bar Aninas to teach me under cover of night! For by his fear of the Jews he presented to me in his own person a second edition of Nicodemus. . . . If it is expedient to hate any men and to loathe any race I have a strange dislike for those of the circumcision. For up to the present day, they persecute our Lord Jesus Christ in the synagogues of Satan."164 Some years later when writing to Augustine, Jerome repeated these statements, showing that none of his hatred had passed away: "But if we must take up the Jews with orthodox Christians, then they will be able to see those things in the churches of Christ, which they curse in the synagogues of Satan. I should say what I think the Jews will not be made Christians, but they will make us Jews."165
Jerome also writes bitterly of the Jews he despised in the Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. He writes that the Jews say they are Hebrews's and they are not; they lie, for they are from the Synagogue of Satan. Nor should one wonder if in imitation of the Spiritual Israel the Jews have established a carnal Israel, which has neither peace nor pity.166 His tone in the Hosea commentary is even more violent: "A fornicatress is a woman who has had intercourse with several men. An adultress, one who, deserting her true spouse, joins herself to another. The Synagogue is both of these, and if she
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continues in fornication and adultery, God will strip off her clothes and remove the ornaments which He gave her."167 Jerome even maintains that the Jews and their adherents were still "persecuting" the Christians of his day, something very hard to believe in the light of the other evidence previously reviewed: "Right up to the present time, moreover, those who interpret the Scriptures according to the Jewish manner persecute the Church of Christ, and fill the church not with zeal for the word of God, but with the traditions of depraved individuals."168 Note how vague these references to the "depraved" Jews are. ))
8. اÙÙØ¯Ùس اغسطÙÙ ÙØ´Ø¨Ù اÙÙÙÙØ¯ باÙÙÙ Ø¹Ø¨ÙØ¯ اÙÙØµØ§Ø±Ù ٠اÙÙ ÙÙØ¨ØºÙ ÙÙÙ Ø§Ù ÙØ¨Ù٠٠تشتتÙÙ Ù ÙÙ ÙØ¹Ùا ٠٠دخÙ٠اÙÙØ¯Ø³ بتاتا !!!
((Compared with Jerome, Augustine was very mild toward the Jews. The correspondence between these two fathers alone will demonstrate this. The African bishop, however, feels a great sense of Christian superiority. "The Jews," he declares, "are our attendant slaves, who carry, as it were, our satchels and bear the manuscripts while we study them. . . . When we argue with the heathen we adduce the predictions found in the Bible written by the Jews."171 Commenting on Psalm 63, he declares that the Jews seek Christ's soul in vain, for, since they persecute or try to persecute the church, so much is certain about them. They will not relinquish the earth and its pleasures, and thus they crucified Christ.172
One of Augustine's main theses is that the Jews must be pre-
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served as the representatives of the old dispensation for the Christians the old dispensation which ended when Jesus was born. The Jewish race must not die out. To be sure, it has been conquered by the Romans, spread over the earth, and prohibited entrance to Jerusalem, but it is still the Jewish race. The Jews are never so conquered as to be absorbed by the victors. They possess the mark of Cain; for they circumcise their children after the law, they observe the Sabbath, they celebrate Passover, and they eat the unleavened bread. Therefore the Jews have not perished, and they are needful for the believing peoples. They must never be exterminated, only dispersed about the world as living testimony of God's displeasure.173 God is, as Jerome says, so wroth with them that the Jews arc now dispersed as spiritual mendicants: "Therefore these people [the Jews] have also become vagabonds, since they crucified God and our Lord. For they are not in their former abodes, but are spread over the whole earth. Here the Psalmist speaks of the beggary of spiritual riches which is upon them. For they have neither prophets, nor law, nor priesthood, nor sacrifice, but in truth they are made beggars." 174 ))
9. Ù ÙØ³ÙÙ ÙØ³ اÙÙ Ø¹ØªØ±Ù ÙØµÙ Ø§ÙØ¹Ø±Ø¨ باÙÙ٠ج Ù Ø§ÙØÙÙØ§Ùات Ø§ÙØ¨Ø±ÙØ© !!! (٠ا شاء اÙÙ٠عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ§Ø®Ùا٠طبعا ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ø§ اÙÙÙØ§Ù ÙØ§Ù اÙ٠سÙÙ ÙÙ Ø¯Ø¹Ø³ÙØ§ عÙÙ Ø§ÙØ§Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø·ÙØ±ÙØ© Ø§ÙØ±Ù٠اÙÙØ© Ù ÙØ²Ù ÙÙÙ Ù ÙØªØÙا Ø§ÙØ´Ø§Ù ٠٠صر ) .
ÙÙØ±Ø§ Ù Ù ÙØªØ§Ø¨ Ø±ÙØ¨Ø±Øª ÙÙÙØ§Ùد Seeing Islam as Others Saw It Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 77 -78 Ù ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ù Ù


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Ù ÙØªØ§Ø¨ The Arab Conquest Of Egypt And The Last Thirty Years Of The Roman Dominion ÙÙÙØ§ØªØ¨ Butler, Alfred J. Ø§ÙØµÙØØ© 134:
(( Heraclius however was loth to depart from his plighted word. He was reminded that he had given the pledge in ignorance of the facts: that he was not bide by a promise cozened out of him by fraud : that had he known how the jews smote the christians with fire and sword, he must have dealt very sternly with them and so forth. The clamour or the casuisitry or both prevailed. An edict was issued by which the jews were driven out of Jerusalem and forbidden to come again within three miles of its walls. But banishment was the lightest punishment they suffered; for Heraclius seems to have sanctioned the full measure of vengeance which the christians demanded and something like a general massacre followed. But in order to sooth the emperor's conscience their own, the patriarch and bishops sent letters to every city ordering the institution of a week's fast for ever. The institution still remains and to this day the first week of Lent with the Copts is called " The Fast of Heraclius". It may be taken that the Copts joined in the massacre, having their own scores to settle with the jews from the time of the Persian capture of Alexandria. ))
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.../n173/mode/2up(( Heraclius however was loth to depart from his plighted word. He was reminded that he had given the pledge in ignorance of the facts: that he was not bide by a promise cozened out of him by fraud : that had he known how the jews smote the christians with fire and sword, he must have dealt very sternly with them and so forth. The clamour or the casuisitry or both prevailed. An edict was issued by which the jews were driven out of Jerusalem and forbidden to come again within three miles of its walls. But banishment was the lightest punishment they suffered; for Heraclius seems to have sanctioned the full measure of vengeance which the christians demanded and something like a general massacre followed. But in order to sooth the emperor's conscience their own, the patriarch and bishops sent letters to every city ordering the institution of a week's fast for ever. The institution still remains and to this day the first week of Lent with the Copts is called " The Fast of Heraclius". It may be taken that the Copts joined in the massacre, having their own scores to settle with the jews from the time of the Persian capture of Alexandria. ))

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