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Glossary of Churches and Cathedrals

Church architecture has a language all its own. This glossary will help you better understand and appreciate what you're looking at when visiting churches and reading your travel guide. Key terms in non-English languages and terms related to church staff and services are also included.

abbey
Church, monastery or convent used by a monastic community governed by an abbot or abbess. It is usually a large religious house belonging either to one of the orders of the Benedictine family or to certain orders of the Canons Regular (Augustinian Canons). See also priory.
abbot
Head of a monastery elected by the monks for life.
acolyte
Highest of the minor orders of the ministry, usually responsible for candles and assisting in preparations for mass.
altar
The holiest part of a church, used primarily for the Eucharist. In the medieval period the altar was a table or rectangular slab made of stone or marble, often set upon a raised step. After the Reformation the stone altars were replaced by wooden communion tables.
ambulatory
A covered passage behind the altar, linking it with chapels at the east end of the church.
apse
A rounded alcove behind the altar, especially found in Orthodox churches.
archbishop
A bishop who oversees all other bishops in a province. In the Episcopal Church, the archbishop is called the Presiding Bishop.
baptism
The rite of admission to membership in Christian churches that involves immersing, sprinkling or anointing with water. Regarded as a sacrament by Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant Christians. Most denominations practice infant baptism; some only baptize adult believers.
baptistery
Room in a church where the font is stored and baptisms are performed, generally near the west door. Sometimes a screen or grille separates the baptistery from the nave, and occasionally the baptistery is an entirely separate building (as in the Baptistery of S. Giovanni in Florence).
basilica
(basilique in French; basilika in German.) Term describing an architectural style, the status of a church, or both. (1) Architecturally, a basilica is an oblong, colonnaded building that was used in the Roman Empire as a town hall or law court. The style was later adapted by Christianity in its church architecture. (2) With respect to status, a basilica is a church that has been awarded special status by the Pope. In this regard, basilicas may be classified as Major or Minor Basilicas.
bay
A vertical division, usually marked by vertical shafts or supporting columns.
beguinage
A community of lay women living a life of poverty and chastity without living under a monastic rule or taking irrevocable vows.
belfry
The upper story of a tower where bells are hung, or a purpose-built structure for the hanging of bells.
Benedictine
Order of monks or nuns living according to the Rule of St Benedict.
bishop
From Greek episkopos, "overseer." An ordained member of the church who has ultimate authority over all the churches in a diocese and has the power to ordain priests and administer confirmation.
Book of Hours
A book for the laity containing Psalms and prayers to be read at the times of the Divine Office.
Breviary
Book containing the Divine Office of the Roman Catholic Church.
buttress
A mass of masonry or brickwork projecting from or built against a wall to give additional strength. See also flying buttress.
Byzantine
Relating to the eastern Roman Empire, based in Constantinople, after the fall of Rome.
campanile
Bell tower, usually separated from the main building.
canons
Members of the chapter (governing body) of a cathedral.
canticle
Song or prayer, other than a Psalm, derived from the Bible and used in church worship.
cathedral
(cattedrale or duomo in Italian; cathédrale in French; dom in German; catedral in Spanish.) A church that serves as the headquarters of a bishop. It is so named because it contains the bishop's cathedra, seat or throne.
celebrant
Priest or minister who presides over a service including the Eucharist. Compare with "officiant."
chancel
The eastern or front end of a church, containing the choir and altar and usually reserved for use by the clergy and choir.
chapel
A small building or room set aside for worship. Large churches or cathedrals might have many chapels dedicated to different saints. A chantry chapel is a special chapel for prayers for the dead.
chapter
The canons and Dean, who together constitute the governing body of a cathedral.
chapter house
A building attached to a cathedral where the chapter meets to govern that cathedral.
chevron
A zigzag pattern characteristic of Romanesque decoration that is often carved around pillars, arches and doorways.
choir
Also spelled quire. The eastern arm (front) of a church, where services were historically sung.
Christ Pantocrator
Christ depicted as "Ruler of the Universe," a common image on Orthodox icons.
church
(église in French; iglesia in Spanish; igreja in Portugese; chiesa in Italian; kostel in Czech; kirche in German; kirk in Scottish; kerk in Dutch.) A building used for Christian worship.
cinquefoil
Ornamental tracery in the form of a flower with five symmetrical petals.
clergy
Church leaders who have been formally ordained into the ministry.
collegiate church
A church governed by a chapter of canons, but not a cathedral.
convent
A monastery for (female) nuns.
crossing
The point at which the transepts cross the nave of a church.
crucifer
From Latin, "cross-bearer." Acolyte who carries the cross in a church procession before the service. The crucifer is followed by the choir, the acolytes, the lay ministers, and then the clergy in order of rank (highest last).
crucifix
A cross with an image of the crucified Christ on it.
cruciform
Cross-shaped.
crypt
A vaulted chamber made to house graves and relics, generally located beneath the chancel. Many crypts were made very large to allow access to pilgrims.
curate
In Anglicanism, assistant pastor whose duties commonly include visiting the sick and shut-ins.
dean
The head of the chapter (governing body) of a cathedral.
Decorated
Second phase of Gothic in England, of the early 14th century. Characterized by sinuous decorative forms and considerable surface decoration.
deanery
House occupied by the Dean of a cathedral.
diocese
A geographical region headed by a bishop, which usually includes several congregations, also known as a see. In Orthodoxy, a diocese is called an eparchy.
Divine Office
Also called daily office. The daily cycle of prayer services performed by clergy in liturgical churches. It includes the "day hours" - lauds, prime, terce, sext, none, vespers and compline - and the "night office" (matins).
Dominicans
Also called the Friars Preacher or the Black Friars. Order of mendicant friars founded in the early 13th century by the Spanish St Dominic.
dorter
A monastic dormitory.
doxology
(Greek doxa, "glory"). A short hymn glorifying God.
Duomo
In Italian, a church that is or once was a cathedral. The formal word for a current cathedral is cattedrale.
effigy tomb
A tomb bearing a representation of the deceased, usually life sized, in three dimensions and of stone.
episcopal
Pertaining to the authority of a bishop.
eremetical
Pertaining to the life of a hermit.
exchequer
Monastic building where rents and other income are received and held.
Eucharist
Also called Communion or the Lord's Supper. A sacrament commemorating the Last Supper of Christ with the sharing of bread and wine. Many branches of Christianity, including Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican and Presbyterian, believe in the "Real Presence" of Christ in the bread and wine of the Eucharist. Thus the bread and wine become holy objects after consecration.
feretory
A chapel containing the shrine for a saint's relics.
Flamboyant
The late Gothic style in France, characterized by long wavy tracery designs.
flushwork
A decorative technique for exterior walls, in which designs are picked out in white stone against a background of flint cobbles.
flying buttress
A free-standing buttress linked to a church wall by an arch or part of an arch that serves to transmit the outward thrust of the wall to the buttress.
Franciscans
Monastic order founded by Francis of Assisi in 1210 AD.
frater
A monastic dining room or refectory.
font
Also baptismal font or baptismal. A container, usually of stone, which contained holy water for baptism. Usually located near the west door, sometimes the fonts had elaborately carved wooden canopies.
Galilee
A vestibule or occasionally a chapel, originally for penitents and usually at the west end of a church.
gallery
Also called a tribune. An upper story over an aisle, opening on to the nave.
gargoyle
A grotesque carving, usually in the form of a human or animal, at the end of a spout designed to carry rainwater away from the wall of a church.
Gothic
A style of architecture that was prevalent in Western Europe from about 1200 until 1550. Common characteristics include: Pointed arches; tall, slender pillars; flying buttresses; large windows with ornate tracery. In England, Gothic is normally divided into three succeeding phases - Early English, Decorated and Perpendicular.
Greek cross plan
Church floor plan with four equal arms. See also Latin Cross Plan.
hagioscope
Also called a squint. A hole cut through a church wall or pillar in order to give a view of the altar.
High Altar
In a church with several altars, the main altar located in the chancel.
icon
A picture of a sacred or sanctified Christian person, traditionally used and venerated in the Orthodox Church. Icons commonly represent Christ Pantocrator, the Virgin as Queen of Heaven, or, less frequently, the saints. Since the 6th century, icons have been considered an aid to the devotee in making his prayers heard by the holy figure represented in the icon. The Orthodox icon grew out of the mosaic and fresco tradition of early Byzantine art.
iconostasis
From Greek for "icon-stand." In Orthodox churches (such as in Greece or Russia), the screen separating the sanctuary or altar from the church proper and adorned with various icons. The main tier the main tier must follow this iconographic form (from left to right): icon of the Patron Saint of the church, icon of the Virgin Mary, icon of Christ, and icon of St. John the Baptist.
jamb
A vertical post supporting a window frame or doorway.
Jesse Window
A stained glass window featuring a family tree showing the ancestral link between Jesse (the father of King David) and Christ.
Kaiserdom
In German, a imperial cathedral (i.e. associated with a Holy Roman Emperor).
keystone
A wedge-shaped or tapered stone placed at the top of an arch or vault. In vaulting it occurs at the intersection of the ribs of a ribbed vault.
Latin Cross Plan
Church floor plan with one arm longer than the other three.
lavatorium
A room or building in a monastery where monks washed before meals.
lectern
The speaker stand in the front of a church used for things like lay Bible readings and announcements. It is usually on the right (as viewed from the congregation).
litany
A form of prayer consisting of a series of petitions sung by a deacon, a priest or cantors, to which the people made fixed responses.
liturgy
The prescribed worship rituals of the church, including the mass and divine office.
Major Basilica
Also called a Patriarchal Basilica. One of five churches in Rome given this designation by the Pope. The Major Basilicas represent the five great patriarchal churches in early Christian history: Rome (St. John Lateran), Constantinople (St. Peter's), Jerusalem (St. Lawrence Outside the Walls), Antioch (St. Mary Major) and Alexandria (St. Paul Outside the Walls). Among the distinctions of a Major Basilica is a "holy door" through which one must pass to fulfill the conditions of a Jubilee.
master general
The head of the Dominican order.
matins
The night office or the service recited at 2 am in the divine office.
metropolitan
A bishop with authority over a group of a province of dioceses and their bishops; also known as an archbishop.
minister general
The head of the Franciscan order.
Minor Basilica
Also called a Lesser Basilica. One of a number of churches that have been given this distinction by the Pope. This designation confers a certain precedence over other churches in the area (except the cathedral) and allows the use of certain symbols and vestments.
misericord
From Latin misericordiae, "compassion." A swing-up seat in the choir of a major church, allowing clergy celebrating divine office to rest their weight while standing up.
missal
book containing the forms of service for the mass
narthex
The foyer or entryway of a church.
nave
The place where the congregation gathers from worship, as distinct from the place from which the service is led. It usually contains pews and one or more aisles.
niche
A shallow recess in a wall designed to contain a statue or some other ornament.
night stair
A staircase used by the monks to enter a church directly from their dormitory in order to attend late night and early morning services.
Norman
Term used for Romanesque architecture in Britain.
Perpendicular
The final phase of Gothic in England, characterized by large windows with vertical tracery and flattened arches.
pew
A long, backed bench on which congregants sit during church services.
porch
A covered entrance to a doorway. In some great churches these are large and elaborate structures.
prior
A leading member of a monastery, second in rank to the abbot, elected by the monks to serve for life.
priory
A monastery or convent led by a prior. Originally, a priory was an offshoot from a larger abbey, to the abbot of which it continued to be subordinate. Today there is often little distinction between an abbey and a priory.
pulpit
The speaker stand in the front of a church used by clergy for sermons and Gospel readings. It is usually on the left (as viewed from the congregation).
quoin
Dressed stone at the corner of a building.
rector
In Anglicanism, the elected pastor of a financially self-supported congregation. If there are several clergy in the congregation, the rector has primary responsibility for directing worship.
refectory
A monastic dining room.
reredorter
A monastic toilet.
reredos
A decorative screen behind the altar, usually decoratively carved.
retable
A carving or painting standing immediately above and behind an altar.
ribbed vaulting
Stone or brick vaulting typically used for roofing and comprising a thin, light layer supported by a framework of arched ribs.
Romanesque
A style of architecture that flourished in Western Europe between 1050 and 1200, deriving its name from the fact that it drew much of its influence from Roman architecture. In England, it is also called the Norman style. Some of the characteristic features of this school of architecture are: Rounded arches; squat, massive pillars; small windows; and simple, carved decoration.
sacristy
The room or closet in which communion supplies and equipment are kept.
sanctuary
Literally, "the sacred place." Historically, the part of the church containing the altar and from which the service is conducted, as distinct from the nave. (In modern lecture-hall plans, the two are not architecturally distinct and therefore "sanctuary" refers to both parts together.) In medieval times, fugitives from the law were immune from arrest in the sanctuary.
******orium
A room set apart for writing in a monastery.
sedilia
A set of stone seats close to an altar for use by the officiating priests.
shrine
A building or place (from an entire church to a small plaque) dedicated to a particular type of devotion commemorating an event or person.
slype
A covered walkway from the transept or cloisters of a cathedral to the chapter house.
spandrel
The walling above and around the curve of an arch.
spire
An elongated, pointed structure that rises from a tower, turret, or roof.
squint
See hagioscope.
stalls
Divisions within the choir, where clergy sat (or stood) during services. They are often made of richly carved wood.
stoup
A container for holy water near the door.
tester
A cover or canopy suspended over a tomb or a pulpit. The tester may have a purely ornamental purpose or - where positioned over a pulpit - may be used as a sounding board to magnify and direct the preacher's voice.
thurible
Container in which incense is burned.
tracery
Carved stonework of interlaced and branching ribs, particularly the lace-like stonework in the upper part of a Gothic window.
transept
In churches and cathedrals with a cross-shaped floor plan, the transverse, usually shorter, arm of the church. The transept is usually located between the nave and the chancel and usually lies north to south.
trifoil or trefoil
Ornamental tracery in the form of a flower with three symmetrical petals.
tympanum
An area above a door between the lintel and the arch. This area often contains a carving.
undercroft
Also called a crypt. A vaulted underground room beneath a church which may be used either as a burial place or for storage.
vestry
Room where the clergy and choir dress and the vestments are kept.

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Anglican Churches. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the designation for the Church of England which, after Henry VIII broke with the Pope in 1534, declared its independence from the Roman Catholic Church. It retained the tradition of Catholic sacraments and bishops while following some ideals of the Protestant reformers; from the early 19th century, a term for a worldwide group of churches which recognize the primacy among equals of the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the United States the church is called the Episcopal Church.. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the designation for the Church of England which, after Henry VIII broke with the Pope in 1534, declared its independence from the Roman Catholic Church. It retained the tradition of Catholic sacraments and bishops while following some ideals of the Protestant reformers; from the early 19th century, a term for a worldwide group of churches which recognize the primacy among equals of the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the United States the church is called the Episcopal Church.
apocalypse (adj. apocalyptic). From the Greek, meaning "revelation." A genre of literature (attested in Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions) in which the author claims to have received revelation(s), usually about the end-time, and expresses them in vivid symbolism. The *intertestamental Jewish and the early Christian apocalypses are often *pseudepigraphical. The final book of the Christian *NT is sometimes called (in accord with its Greek title) "the Apocalypse" (it is also known as "the book of Revelation").apocalypse (adj. apocalyptic). From the Greek, meaning "revelation." A genre of literature (attested in Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions) in which the author claims to have received revelation(s), usually about the end-time, and expresses them in vivid symbolism. The *intertestamental Jewish and the early Christian apocalypses are often *pseudepigraphical. The final book of the Christian *NT is sometimes called (in accord with its Greek title) "the Apocalypse" (it is also known as "the book of Revelation").
Apocrypha (adj. apocryphal). From the Greek, meaning "to hide" or "to uncover." It is used in a technical sense to refer to certain Jewish books written in the Hellenistic-Roman period that came to be included in the Old Greek Jewish ******ures (and thus in the Eastern Christian biblical *canon) and in the Latin Vulgate Roman Catholic canon, but not in the Jewish or Protestant biblical canons. See also *Bible, *Septuagint.Apocrypha (adj. apocryphal). From the Greek, meaning "to hide" or "to uncover." It is used in a technical sense to refer to certain Jewish books written in the Hellenistic-Roman period that came to be included in the Old Greek Jewish ******ures (and thus in the Eastern Christian biblical *canon) and in the Latin Vulgate Roman Catholic canon, but not in the Jewish or Protestant biblical canons. See also *Bible, *Septuagint.
apology. A formal defense of the Christian faith. Several such writings were issued by Christian "apologists" such as Justin the Martyr during the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, addressed to the Roman rulers.apology. A formal defense of the Christian faith. Several such writings were issued by Christian "apologists" such as Justin the Martyr during the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, addressed to the Roman rulers.apology. A formal defense of the Christian faith. Several such writings were issued by Christian "apologists" such as Justin the Martyr during the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, addressed to the Roman rulers.apology. A formal defense of the Christian faith. Several such writings were issued by Christian "apologists" such as Justin the Martyr during the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, addressed to the Roman rulers.
apostle. Greek for "ambassador, legate"; compare Arabic *rasul. In early Christian circles, it was used to refer especially to the earliest missionaries sent out to preach the gospel message concerning *Jesus/Joshua, among whom Paul included himself (although he had not been an associate of Jesus/Joshua); traditionally, twelve of Jesus' close associates come to be called "the 12 Apostles" (also "the 12 disciples").
baptism. In earliest Christianity, the rite of ritual immersion in water which initiated a person (usually as an "adult") into the Christian *church. Very soon, pouring or sprinkling with water came into use in some churches, and the practice of baptizing infants.baptism. In earliest Christianity, the rite of ritual immersion in water which initiated a person (usually as an "adult") into the Christian *church. Very soon, pouring or sprinkling with water came into use in some churches, and the practice of baptizing infants.
BCEor bce = "before the common era"; an attempt to use a neutral term for the period traditionally labeled "BC" (before Christ) by Christians. Thus 586 BCE is identical to 586 BC.
bishop. The rank in the *clergy of Roman *Catholic, Eastern *Orthodox, and *Anglican *churches above a *priest, with authority to ordain priests as well as perform other *sacraments. In the early church, an elected head of the church for an entire city; now, an appointed head of a diocese. (A few other churches, such as the Methodist and Mormon, also have the office of bishop.)bishop. The rank in the *clergy of Roman *Catholic, Eastern *Orthodox, and *Anglican *churches above a *priest, with authority to ordain priests as well as perform other *sacraments. In the early church, an elected head of the church for an entire city; now, an appointed head of a diocese. (A few other churches, such as the Methodist and Mormon, also have the office of bishop.)
born again. In modern Christianity, having experienced a true conversion and/or total dedication to Christ, usually in an in- tense emotional experience. Such language is usually used by *"evangelical" Christians. born again. In modern Christianity, having experienced a true conversion and/or total dedication to Christ, usually in an in- tense emotional experience. Such language is usually used by *"evangelical" Christians.
calendar. In general, Christianity operates on a "solar" calendar based on the relationship between the sun and the earth (365.25 days per year). The main Christian observances are *Easter, *Pentacost, and *Christmas. The Islamic calendar is "lunar," based on the relationship of earth and moon (354 days in a year). Thus every 100 solar years are equal to about 103 lunar years. Muslim calendric observances include fasting during the month of *Ramadan, followed by the feast of fast breaking (*id al-fitr), and the time for pilgrimage to Mecca (*hajj) and associated practices such as the Feast of *Sacrifice. Judaism follows a lunar calandar adjusted every three years or so to the solar cycle (by adding a second 12th month) -- thus "lunisolar." The oldest Jewish annual observances are *Passover/pesah, *Shevuot, *Yom Kippur and *Sukkot; other ancient celebrations include *Rosh ha-shana, *Simhat Torah, *Hannukah and *Purim. See also *BCE, *CE, *AH.calendar. In general, Christianity operates on a "solar" calendar based on the relationship between the sun and the earth (365.25 days per year). The main Christian observances are *Easter, *Pentacost, and *Christmas. The Islamic calendar is "lunar," based on the relationship of earth and moon (354 days in a year). Thus every 100 solar years are equal to about 103 lunar years. Muslim calendric observances include fasting during the month of *Ramadan, followed by the feast of fast breaking (*id al-fitr), and the time for pilgrimage to Mecca (*hajj) and associated practices such as the Feast of *Sacrifice. Judaism follows a lunar calandar adjusted every three years or so to the solar cycle (by adding a second 12th month) -- thus "lunisolar." The oldest Jewish annual observances are *Passover/pesah, *Shevuot, *Yom Kippur and *Sukkot; other ancient celebrations include *Rosh ha-shana, *Simhat Torah, *Hannukah and *Purim. See also *BCE, *CE, *AH.calendar. In general, Christianity operates on a "solar" calendar based on the relationship between the sun and the earth (365.25 days per year). The main Christian observances are *Easter, *Pentacost, and *Christmas. The Islamic calendar is "lunar," based on the relationship of earth and moon (354 days in a year). Thus every 100 solar years are equal to about 103 lunar years. Muslim calendric observances include fasting during the month of *Ramadan, followed by the feast of fast breaking (*id al-fitr), and the time for pilgrimage to Mecca (*hajj) and associated practices such as the Feast of *Sacrifice. Judaism follows a lunar calandar adjusted every three years or so to the solar cycle (by adding a second 12th month) -- thus "lunisolar." The oldest Jewish annual observances are *Passover/pesah, *Shevuot, *Yom Kippur and *Sukkot; other ancient celebrations include *Rosh ha-shana, *Simhat Torah, *Hannukah and *Purim. See also *BCE, *CE, *AH.calendar. In general, Christianity operates on a "solar" calendar based on the relationship between the sun and the earth (365.25 days per year). The main Christian observances are *Easter, *Pentacost, and *Christmas. The Islamic calendar is "lunar," based on the relationship of earth and moon (354 days in a year). Thus every 100 solar years are equal to about 103 lunar years. Muslim calendric observances include fasting during the month of *Ramadan, followed by the feast of fast breaking (*id al-fitr), and the time for pilgrimage to Mecca (*hajj) and associated practices such as the Feast of *Sacrifice. Judaism follows a lunar calandar adjusted every three years or so to the solar cycle (by adding a second 12th month) -- thus "lunisolar." The oldest Jewish annual observances are *Passover/pesah, *Shevuot, *Yom Kippur and *Sukkot; other ancient celebrations include *Rosh ha-shana, *Simhat Torah, *Hannukah and *Purim. See also *BCE, *CE, *AH.

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canon, canonical ******urecanon, canonical ******ure. The books of the *Bible recognized as authoritative and divinely revealed. See also *Apocrypha.
cardinal. An official in the Roman *Catholic Christian *church next below the *pope, appointed by the pope as a member of the "college" of cardinals which was formed in the middle ages to assist the pope and elect new popes.cardinal. An official in the Roman *Catholic Christian *church next below the *pope, appointed by the pope as a member of the "college" of cardinals which was formed in the middle ages to assist the pope and elect new popes.cardinal. An official in the Roman *Catholic Christian *church next below the *pope, appointed by the pope as a member of the "college" of cardinals which was formed in the middle ages to assist the pope and elect new popes.cardinal. An official in the Roman *Catholic Christian *church next below the *pope, appointed by the pope as a member of the "college" of cardinals which was formed in the middle ages to assist the pope and elect new popes.
catechism. In early Christian usage, oral instruction in doctrine; can mean any official summary of doctrine used to teach newcomers to the faith.catechism. In early Christian usage, oral instruction in doctrine; can mean any official summary of doctrine used to teach newcomers to the faith.
catechumen. One receiving instruction in basic doctrines (*catechism) before *baptism or, if already baptized as an infant, before *confirmation or first *communion.catechumen. One receiving instruction in basic doctrines (*catechism) before *baptism or, if already baptized as an infant, before *confirmation or first *communion.catechumen. One receiving instruction in basic doctrines (*catechism) before *baptism or, if already baptized as an infant, before *confirmation or first *communion.catechumen. One receiving instruction in basic doctrines (*catechism) before *baptism or, if already baptized as an infant, before *confirmation or first *communion.
catholic, catholicism (from Greek meaning "universal, worldwide"). A selfdesignation used in early Christianity to suggest universality over against factionalism (see *orthodoxy, *heresy); thence it became a technical name for the western, Roman Catholic church.catholic, catholicism (from Greek meaning "universal, worldwide"). A selfdesignation used in early Christianity to suggest universality over against factionalism (see *orthodoxy, *heresy); thence it became a technical name for the western, Roman Catholic church.catholic, catholicism (from Greek meaning "universal, worldwide"). A selfdesignation used in early Christianity to suggest universality over against factionalism (see *orthodoxy, *heresy); thence it became a technical name for the western, Roman Catholic church.(from Greek meaning "universal, worldwide"). A self designation used in early Christianity to suggest universality over against factionalism (see *orthodoxy, *heresy); thence it became a technical name for the western, Roman Catholic church.
CECE or ce = "common era"; an attempt to use a neuteral term for the period traditionally labeled "AD" (<l>anno domini</> or "year of the Lord") by Christians. Thus 1992 CE is identical to AD 1992.
celibacy. The practice of refraining from sexual relationships in the interest of religious purity, known in Judaism among the *Essenes and developed extensively in Christianity (see *monk, *priest).celibacy. The practice of refraining from sexual relationships in the interest of religious purity, known in Judaism among the *Essenes and developed extensively in Christianity (see *monk, *priest).
chiliastic. From the Greek for "1000." Pertaining to the (Christian) belief that Christ will reign for a thousand years in the end-times; also called *millenarian (from the Latin). chiliastic. From the Greek for "1000." Pertaining to the (Christian) belief that Christ will reign for a thousand years in the end-times; also called *millenarian (from the Latin).
Christ. Greek translation of <h>meshiah</> (see messiah, below). Applied to *Jesus/Joshua of Nazareth by his followers as a title, but soon came to be treated as a sort of second name.Christ. Greek translation of <h>meshiah</> (see messiah, below). Applied to *Jesus/Joshua of Nazareth by his followers as a title, but soon came to be treated as a sort of second name.
Christmas (*mass for birth of *Christ). A relatively late developing annual Christian festival (see *calendar), now held on the fixed date of 25 December in most *churches. In earlier times (by the 4th century), the celebration of Jesus' birth tended to be in the spring, around the time of *Easter. Its observation in proximity to the winter solstice (shortest day of the year) encouraged the inclusion and development of many aspects that were not present or important in this celebration.Christmas (*mass for birth of *Christ). A relatively late developing annual Christian festival (see *calendar), now held on the fixed date of 25 December in most *churches. In earlier times (by the 4th century), the celebration of Jesus' birth tended to be in the spring, around the time of *Easter. Its observation in proximity to the winter solstice (shortest day of the year) encouraged the inclusion and development of many aspects that were not present or important in this celebration.Christmas (*mass for birth of *Christ). A relatively late developing annual Christian festival (see *calendar), now held on the fixed date of 25 December in most *churches. In earlier times (by the 4th century), the celebration of Jesus' birth tended to be in the spring, around the time of *Easter. Its observation in proximity to the winter solstice (shortest day of the year) encouraged the inclusion and development of many aspects that were not present or important in this celebration.Christmas (*mass for birth of *Christ). A relatively late developing annual Christian festival (see *calendar), now held on the fixed date of 25 December in most *churches. In earlier times (by the 4th century), the celebration of Jesus' birth tended to be in the spring, around the time of *Easter. Its observation in proximity to the winter solstice (shortest day of the year) encouraged the inclusion and development of many aspects that were not present or important in this celebration.
church (Greek <g>ekklesia</>, "summoned group"; see "ecclesiastical," etc.). The designation traditionally used for a specifically Christian assembly or body of people, and thus also the building or location in which the assembled people meet, and by extension also the specific organized sub-group within Christianity (e.g. *Catholic, *Protestant, Methodist, etc.). Similar to *synagogue and *kahal in Judaism. See also *mosque.church (Greek <g>ekklesia</>, "summoned group"; see "ecclesiastical," etc.). The designation traditionally used for a specifically Christian assembly or body of people, and thus also the building or location in which the assembled people meet, and by extension also the specific organized sub-group within Christianity (e.g. *Catholic, *Protestant, Methodist, etc.). Similar to *synagogue and *kahal in Judaism. See also *mosque.church (Greek <g>ekklesia</>, "summoned group"; see "ecclesiastical," etc.). The designation traditionally used for a specifically Christian assembly or body of people, and thus also the building or location in which the assembled people meet, and by extension also the specific organized sub-group within Christianity (e.g. *Catholic, *Protestant, Methodist, etc.). Similar to *synagogue and *kahal in Judaism. See also *mosque.church (Greek <g>ekklesia</>, "summoned group"; see "ecclesiastical," etc.). The designation traditionally used for a specifically Christian assembly or body of people, and thus also the building or location in which the assembled people meet, and by extension also the specific organized sub-group within Christianity (e.g. *Catholic, *Protestant, Methodist, etc.). Similar to *synagogue and *kahal in Judaism. See also *mosque.
circumcision. The minor surgical removal of the skin covering the tip of the penis. In Judaism, it is ritually performed when a boy is eight days old in a ceremony called <h>brit milah</>, which indicates that the ritual establishes a *covenant between God and the individual. In Islam, it is performed at the age of puberty.circumcision. The minor surgical removal of the skin covering the tip of the penis. In Judaism, it is ritually performed when a boy is eight days old in a ceremony called <h>brit milah</>, which indicates that the ritual establishes a *covenant between God and the individual. In Islam, it is performed at the age of puberty.
classical Judaism, Christianity. The forms of the religions that have survived as traditional throughout the centuries. See *rabbinic, *orthodox.classical Judaism, Christianity. The forms of the religions that have survived as traditional throughout the centuries. See *rabbinic, *orthodox.
clergy. The body of ordained men (and in some churches women) in a *church, permitted to perform the *priestly and/or pastoral duties, as distinct from the *laity to whom they minister.clergy. The body of ordained men (and in some churches women) in a *church, permitted to perform the *priestly and/or pastoral duties, as distinct from the *laity to whom they minister.clergy. The body of ordained men (and in some churches women) in a *church, permitted to perform the *priestly and/or pastoral duties, as distinct from the *laity to whom they minister.clergy. The body of ordained men (and in some churches women) in a *church, permitted to perform the *priestly and/or pastoral duties, as distinct from the *laity to whom they minister.

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commandments (Heb., mitzvot; sing., mitzvah). According to rabbinic Jewish tradition, there are 613 religious commandments referred to in the Torah (and elaborated upon by the rabbinic *sages). Of these, 248 are positive commandments and 365 are negative. The numbers respectively symbolize the fact that divine service must be expressed through all one's bodily parts during all the days of the year. In general, a <h>mitzvah</> refers to any act of religious duty or obligation; more colloquially, a <h>mitzvah</> refers to a "good deed." communion; also, "holy communion." A term used especially in Christian *Protestant circles for the *sacrament of receiving bread and wine as the body and blood of Christ (or as symbols thereof), also known as the Lord's supper or the *eucharist.commandments (Heb., mitzvot; sing., mitzvah). According to rabbinic Jewish tradition, there are 613 religious commandments referred to in the Torah (and elaborated upon by the rabbinic *sages). Of these, 248 are positive commandments and 365 are negative. The numbers respectively symbolize the fact that divine service must be expressed through all one's bodily parts during all the days of the year. In general, a <h>mitzvah</> refers to any act of religious duty or obligation; more colloquially, a <h>mitzvah</> refers to a "good deed." communion; also, "holy communion." A term used especially in Christian *Protestant circles for the *sacrament of receiving bread and wine as the body and blood of Christ (or as symbols thereof), also known as the Lord's supper or the *eucharist.commandments (Heb., mitzvot; sing., mitzvah). According to rabbinic Jewish tradition, there are 613 religious commandments referred to in the Torah (and elaborated upon by the rabbinic *sages). Of these, 248 are positive commandments and 365 are negative. The numbers respectively symbolize the fact that divine service must be expressed through all one's bodily parts during all the days of the year. In general, a <h>mitzvah</> refers to any act of religious duty or obligation; more colloquially, a <h>mitzvah</> refers to a "good deed." communion; also, "holy communion." A term used especially in Christian *Protestant circles for the *sacrament of receiving bread and wine as the body and blood of Christ (or as symbols thereof), also known as the Lord's supper or the *eucharist.commandments (Heb., mitzvot; sing., mitzvah). According to rabbinic Jewish tradition, there are 613 religious commandments referred to in the Torah (and elaborated upon by the rabbinic *sages). Of these, 248 are positive commandments and 365 are negative. The numbers respectively symbolize the fact that divine service must be expressed through all one's bodily parts during all the days of the year. In general, a <h>mitzvah</> refers to any act of religious duty or obligation; more colloquially, a <h>mitzvah</> refers to a "good deed." communion; also, "holy communion." A term used especially in Christian *Protestant circles for the *sacrament of receiving bread and wine as the body and blood of Christ (or as symbols thereof), also known as the Lord's supper or the *eucharist.
conversion, convert (from Latin, "to turn around"). In general religious usage, the act of changing alliegance from one group to another. In (especially *evangelical) Christian usage, it can also mean to accept a particular interpretation of the Christian faith (see also *born again).conversion, convert (from Latin, "to turn around"). In general religious usage, the act of changing alliegance from one group to another. In (especially *evangelical) Christian usage, it can also mean to accept a particular interpretation of the Christian faith (see also *born again).conversion, convert (from Latin, "to turn around"). In general religious usage, the act of changing alliegance from one group to another. In (especially *evangelical) Christian usage, it can also mean to accept a particular interpretation of the Christian faith (see also *born again).(from Latin, "to turn around"). In general religious usage, the act of changing allegiance from one group to another. In (especially *evangelical) Christian usage, it can also mean to accept a particular interpretation of the Christian faith (see also *born again).
conviction. In modern Christianity (especially of the *"evangelical" sorts), the state in which one recognizes one's sinfulness and guilt before God, preliminary to experiencing *conversion.conviction. In modern Christianity (especially of the *"evangelical" sorts), the state in which one recognizes one's sinfulness and guilt before God, preliminary to experiencing *conversion.conviction. In modern Christianity (especially of the *"evangelical" sorts), the state in which one recognizes one's sinfulness and guilt before God, preliminary to experiencing *conversion.conviction. In modern Christianity (especially of the *"evangelical" sorts), the state in which one recognizes one's sinfulness and guilt before God, preliminary to experiencing *conversion.
covenant. A pact between two parties. The major covenants in Jewish ******ures are God's covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15), and the Sinai/Moses covenant (Exodus 19-24) between God and Israel. In Judaism, the covenant (Hebrew, <h>brit</>) is a major theological concept referring to the eternal bond between God and the people of Israel grounded in God's gracious and steadfast concern (Hebrew, <h>h.esed</>) that calls for the nation's obedience to the divine commandments (mitzvot) and instruction (torah). For Christianity (e.g. Paul), God has made a "new covenant" (rendered as "new testament" in older English) with the followers of *Jesus/Joshua in the last times, superseding the "old covenant" (thus, "old testament") with Moses at Sinai (see Jeremiah 31.31-34).covenant. A pact between two parties. The major covenants in Jewish ******ures are God's covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15), and the Sinai/Moses covenant (Exodus 19-24) between God and Israel. In Judaism, the covenant (Hebrew, <h>brit</>) is a major theological concept referring to the eternal bond between God and the people of Israel grounded in God's gracious and steadfast concern (Hebrew, <h>h.esed</>) that calls for the nation's obedience to the divine commandments (mitzvot) and instruction (torah). For Christianity (e.g. Paul), God has made a "new covenant" (rendered as "new testament" in older English) with the followers of *Jesus/Joshua in the last times, superseding the "old covenant" (thus, "old testament") with Moses at Sinai (see Jeremiah 31.31-34).
David. Jewish folkhero around 1000 BCE, to whom many *biblical psalms are attributed and who is credited with politically and militarily uniting the ancient *Israelite *amphictyony into a centralized kingdom with *Jerusalem as its capital. David is said to have planned for the *Temple which his son and successor Solomon built.David. Jewish folkhero around 1000 BCE, to whom many *biblical psalms are attributed and who is credited with politically and militarily uniting the ancient *Israelite *amphictyony into a centralized kingdom with *Jerusalem as its capital. David is said to have planned for the *Temple which his son and successor Solomon built.
deacon (from Greek, "to serve"). The lowest ordained office in the Roman *Catholic *church (together with subdeacon), originally in charge of gathering and distributing the *eucharistic offerings, later a stage in seminary training. In modern *Protestant churches, a deacon may be an official elected to a certain responsibility in worship or administration.deacon (from Greek, "to serve"). The lowest ordained office in the Roman *Catholic *church (together with subdeacon), originally in charge of gathering and distributing the *eucharistic offerings, later a stage in seminary training. In modern *Protestant churches, a deacon may be an official elected to a certain responsibility in worship or administration.deacon (from Greek, "to serve"). The lowest ordained office in the Roman *Catholic *church (together with subdeacon), originally in charge of gathering and distributing the *eucharistic offerings, later a stage in seminary training. In modern *Protestant churches, a deacon may be an official elected to a certain responsibility in worship or administration.(from Greek, "to serve"). The lowest ordained office in the Roman *Catholic *church (together with sub deacon), originally in charge of gathering and distributing the *eucharistic offerings, later a stage in seminary training. In modern *Protestant churches, a deacon may be an official elected to a certain responsibility in worship or administration.
Dead Sea Scrolls. See *Qumran.Dead Sea Scrolls. See *Qumran.
decalogue. A Greek term referring to the ten commandments (Heb. <h>'aseret hadibrot</>) received by *Moses on Mount Sinai according to Jewish *******ures (Exodus 2O.1-17; Deuteronomy 5.1- 21).decalogue. A Greek term referring to the ten commandments (Heb. <h>'aseret hadibrot</>) received by *Moses on Mount Sinai according to Jewish *******ures (Exodus 2O.1-17; Deuteronomy 5.1- 21).
denomination. Subdivision within a religious movement, especially with reference to mainstream *Protestant Christianity where Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, etc. are called "denominations." Usually distinguished from "sects" or "cults" which by implication have less "official" status.denomination. Subdivision within a religious movement, especially with reference to mainstream *Protestant Christianity where Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, etc. are called "denominations." Usually distinguished from "sects" or "cults" which by implication have less "official" status.
dogma. In Christianity, an authoritative statement of belief; official doctrine.dogma. In Christianity, an authoritative statement of belief; official doctrine.
early Judaism, also sometimes called "formative," "proto-," "middle," and even "late" Judaism. Refers to *Judaism in the *intertestamental period (and slightly later) as a development from the religion of ancient *Israel, but prior to the emergence of its *classical, *rabbinic form in the early centuries CE. Easter. The most ancient Christian annual special day, commemorating the (death and) resurrection of *Jesus/Joshua in the spring, at the time of Jewish *Passover/Pesach (thus not a fixed day on the solar *calendar).early Judaism, also sometimes called "formative," "proto-," "middle," and even "late" Judaism. Refers to *Judaism in the *intertestamental period (and slightly later) as a development from the religion of ancient *Israel, but prior to the emergence of its *classical, *rabbinic form in the early centuries CE. Easter. The most ancient Christian annual special day, commemorating the (death and) resurrection of *Jesus/Joshua in the spring, at the time of Jewish *Passover/Pesach (thus not a fixed day on the solar *calendar).
Ebionites, Ebionism. A Judeo-Christian sect in the 2nd-4th centuries CE; accepted much of Mosaic Torah (circumcision, Sabbath, etc.) but rejected sacrifices; accepted *Jesus/Joshua as Messiah but not his divinity; some Ebionites opposed the doctrines of Paul.Ebionites, Ebionism. A Judeo-Christian sect in the 2nd-4th centuries CE; accepted much of Mosaic Torah (circumcision, Sabbath, etc.) but rejected sacrifices; accepted *Jesus/Joshua as Messiah but not his divinity; some Ebionites opposed the doctrines of Paul.
ecumenical (from Greek for "household," thus considering the world as a household). A Christian initiative to promote worldwide cooperation (with the ideal of unity) within that religion and with other faiths as well.ecumenical (from Greek for "household," thus considering the world as a household). A Christian initiative to promote worldwide cooperation (with the ideal of unity) within that religion and with other faiths as well.ecumenical (from Greek for "household," thus considering the world as a household). A Christian initiative to promote worldwide cooperation (with the ideal of unity) within that religion and with other faiths as well.ecumenical (from Greek for "household," thus considering the world as a household). A Christian initiative to promote worldwide cooperation (with the ideal of unity) within that religion and with other faiths as well.
election. A term used theologically in Judaism to indicate God's choice of Israel to receive the covenant -- a choice not based on the superiority or previous accomplishments of the people, but on God's graciousness (see covenant). In Christianity, the concept of election was applied to the "new Israel" of *Jesus' followers in the last times.election. A term used theologically in Judaism to indicate God's choice of Israel to receive the covenant -- a choice not based on the superiority or previous accomplishments of the people, but on God's graciousness (see covenant). In Christianity, the concept of election was applied to the "new Israel" of *Jesus' followers in the last times.

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elect. In early Judaism and Christianity, refers to those considered to be chosen by God for a specific purpose; in some Christian predestinarian schemes (e.g. Calvinistic), "the elect" are those whom God has chosen (in advance) to have eternal life.elect. In early Judaism and Christianity, refers to those considered to be chosen by God for a specific purpose; in some Christian predestinarian schemes (e.g. Calvinistic), "the elect" are those whom God has chosen (in advance) to have eternal life.
eschatology (adj. eschatological; from Greek <g>eschaton</>, "last" or "the end-time"). Refers in general to what is expected to take place in the "last times" (from the inquirer's perspective); thus the study of the ultimate destiny or purpose of humankind and the world, how and when the end will occur, what the end or last period of history or existence will be like. See also *chiliastic/millenarian, *apocalypse/apocalyptic.eschatology (adj. eschatological; from Greek <g>eschaton</>, "last" or "the end-time"). Refers in general to what is expected to take place in the "last times" (from the inquirer's perspective); thus the study of the ultimate destiny or purpose of humankind and the world, how and when the end will occur, what the end or last period of history or existence will be like. See also *chiliastic/millenarian, *apocalypse/apocalyptic.eschatology (adj. eschatological; from Greek <g>eschaton</>, "last" or "the end-time"). Refers in general to what is expected to take place in the "last times" (from the inquirer's perspective); thus the study of the ultimate destiny or purpose of humankind and the world, how and when the end will occur, what the end or last period of history or existence will be like. See also *chiliastic/millenarian, *apocalypse/apocalyptic.eschatology (adj. eschatological; from Greek <g>eschaton</>, "last" or "the end-time"). Refers in general to what is expected to take place in the "last times" (from the inquirer's perspective); thus the study of the ultimate destiny or purpose of humankind and the world, how and when the end will occur, what the end or last period of history or existence will be like. See also *chiliastic/millenarian, *apocalypse/apocalyptic.
Essenes. The name of a Jewish sub-group in the 1st century CE according to *Josephus, *Philo and other sources. See also *Qumran. Essenes. The name of a Jewish sub-group in the 1st century CE according to *Josephus, *Philo and other sources. See also *Qumran.
etiology (also aetiology), from the Greek for "cause or origin." A term used to describe or label stories that claim to explain the reason for something being (or being called) what it is. For example, in the old Jewish creation story (Genesis 2.23), woman (<h>ishshah</>) is given that name because she has been "taken out of (the side or rib of) man" (<h>ish</>).etiology (also aetiology), from the Greek for "cause or origin." A term used to describe or label stories that claim to explain the reason for something being (or being called) what it is. For example, in the old Jewish creation story (Genesis 2.23), woman (<h>ishshah</>) is given that name because she has been "taken out of (the side or rib of) man" (<h>ish</>).
eucharist. The Christian *sacrament of receiving bread and wine as the body and blood of Christ (or as symbols thereof). This term is more often used for the sacrament in the Roman *Catholic, Eastern *Orthodox, and *Anglican *churches, *communion or "Lord's supper" in the *Protestant. eucharist. The Christian *sacrament of receiving bread and wine as the body and blood of Christ (or as symbols thereof). This term is more often used for the sacrament in the Roman *Catholic, Eastern *Orthodox, and *Anglican *churches, *communion or "Lord's supper" in the *Protestant.
evangelical, evangelizing, evangelistic (from Greek for "gospel," thus, gospel-centered). Those Christian *churches or movements that emphasize preaching that leads to repentance and conversion; in modern Christianity, evangelical beliefs usually includesalvation by faith based on a personal conversion experience andemphasis on the authority of the *canonical *******ures (see also *fundamentalism).(from Greek for "gospel," thus, gospel-centered). Those Christian *churches or movements that emphasize preaching that leads to repentance and conversion; in modern Christianity, evangelical beliefs usually include salvation by faith based on a personal conversion experience and emphasis on the authority of the *canonical *******ures (see also *fundamentalism).evangelical, evangelizing, evangelistic (from Greek for "gospel," thus, gospel-centered).
excommunication. The act of religious authorities to deprive a person of membership or participation in the group; in Christianity, specifically exclusion from holy *communion.. The act of religious authorities to deprive a person of membership or participation in the group; in Christianity, specifically exclusion from holy *communion .excommunication. The act of religious authorities to deprive a person of membership or participation in the group; in Christianity, specifically exclusion from holy *communion.
Exodus (from Greek "to exit or go out"). Refers to the event of the Israelites leaving Egypt (see also *Passover) and to the biblical book (see *Pentateuch) that tells of that event.Exodus (from Greek "to exit or go out"). Refers to the event of the Israelites leaving Egypt (see also *Passover) and to the biblical book (see *Pentateuch) that tells of that event.Exodus (from Greek "to exit or go out"). Refers to the event of the Israelites leaving Egypt (see also *Passover) and to the biblical book (see *Pentateuch) that tells of that event.Exodus (from Greek "to exit or go out"). Refers to the event of the Israelites leaving Egypt (see also *Passover) and to the biblical book (see *Pentateuch) that tells of that event.
fundamentalism. A term originally applied to conservative, *Bible- centered *Protestant Christians, but more recently extended to apply to the religiously authoritarian of all sorts, including *classical Christians, Jews, and Muslims who interpret their *******ures literally and in general favor a strict adherence to traditional doctrines and practices.. A term originally applied to conservative, *Bible- centered *Protestant Christians, but more recently extended to apply to the religiously authoritarian of all sorts, including *classical Christians, Jews, and Muslims who interpret their *******ures literally and in general favor a strict adherence to traditional doctrines and practices.
Friars. From the Latin word for brothers, members of one of the mendicant (begging) orders as distinct from the cloistered *monks.. From the Latin word for brothers, members of one of the mendicant (begging) orders as distinct from the cloistered *monks.
gentile(s). In pre-Christian times, non-Jewish peoples; thereafter, non-Jewish and non-Christian (roughly synonymous with "pagan").
gnostic, Gnosticism. Derived from the Greek <g>gnosis</>, meaning "knowledge." Refers to various systems of belief characterized by a dualistic view of reality -- the God who created the material, phenomenal world, is different from (often antithetical to) the ultimate (hidden) God of pure spirit. Possession of secret gnosis frees a person from the evil material world and gives access to the spiritual world. Gnostic thought had a great impact on the eastern Mediterranean world in the 2nd to 4th century CE, often in a Christian form.. Derived from the Greek <g>gnosis</>, meaning "knowledge." Refers to various systems of belief characterized by a dualistic view of reality -- the God who created the material, phenomenal world, is different from (often antithetical to) the ultimate (hidden) God of pure spirit. Possession of secret gnosis frees a person from the evil material world and gives access to the spiritual world. Gnostic thought had a great impact on the eastern Mediterranean world in the 2nd to 4th century CE, often in a Christian form.
grace. In Christian thought, unmerited divine assistance on one's spiritual path; often conceived as a special blessing received in an intense experience, but also may include a sense of special direction in one's life.grace. In Christian thought, unmerited divine assistance on one's spiritual path; often conceived as a special blessing received in an intense experience, but also may include a sense of special direction in one's life.grace.
great schism. The "split" between the western Latin (Roman Catholic) Christian *church and the eastern *Orthodox churches, culminating in 1053 CE when mutual excommunications were hurled.. The "split" between the western Latin (Roman Catholic) Christian *church and the eastern *Orthodox churches, culminating in 1053 CE when mutual excommunications were hurled.
halakah/halakha (adj. halakic). Any normative Jewish law, custom, practice, or rite -- or the entire complex. Halakha is law established or custom ratified by authoritative rabbinic jurists and teachers. Colloquially, if something is deemed halakhic, it is considered proper and normative behavior.). Any normative Jewish law, custom, practice, or rite -- or the entire complex. Halakha is law established or custom ratified by authoritative rabbinic jurists and teachers. Colloquially, if something is deemed halakhic, it is considered proper and normative behavior.
hasidim, hasidism. Lit. "pious ones"; the term may refer to Jews in various periods: (1) those who flourished in the 2nd century BCE in response to the persecutions of Antiochus Epiphanes and the start of the Maccabean revolt; (2) pietists in the 13th century; (3) followers of the movement of Hasidism founded in the 18th century by *Baal Shem Tov.. Lit. "pious ones"; the term may refer to Jews in various periods: (1) those who flourished in the 2nd century BCE in response to the persecutions of Antiochus Epiphanes and the start of the Maccabean revolt; (2) pietists in the 13th century; (3) followers of the movement of Hasidism founded in the 18th century by *Baal Shem Tov.

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Hasmoneans. Descendants of Hashmon, a Jewish family that included the Maccabees and the high *priests and kings who ruled Judea from 142 to 63 BCE.Hasmoneans. Descendants of Hashmon, a Jewish family that included the Maccabees and the high *priests and kings who ruled Judea from 142 to 63 BCE.
hellenism (adj. hellenistic; Greek word for "Greekish"). The civilization that spread from Greece through much of the ancient world from 333 (Alexendar the Great) to 63 (dominance of Rome) BCE. As a result, many elements of Greek culture (names, language, philosophy, athletics, architecture, etc.) penetrated the Near East.hellenism (adj. hellenistic; Greek word for "Greekish"). The civilization that spread from Greece through much of the ancient world from 333 (Alexendar the Great) to 63 (dominance of Rome) BCE. As a result, many elements of Greek culture (names, language, philosophy, athletics, architecture, etc.) penetrated the Near East.
heresy (from Greek for "sub-group, sect"). See *minim, *heterodox, *bid`a; also *orthodoxy.heresy (from Greek for "sub-group, sect"). See *minim, *heterodox, *bid`a; also *orthodoxy.
hermeneutics. Principles of interpretation (from the Greek, "to interpret, translate"). The term is often used with reference to the study of Jewish and Christian *******ures.hermeneutics. Principles of interpretation (from the Greek, "to interpret, translate"). The term is often used with reference to the study of Jewish and Christian *******ures.
heterodox. Greek for "other opinioned." Refers to opinions or positions that differ from what is considered *"orthodox" or "traditional" at the time. A less judgmental term than "heretical," but with similar import.heterodox. Greek for "other opinioned." Refers to opinions or positions that differ from what is considered *"orthodox" or "traditional" at the time. A less judgmental term than "heretical," but with similar import.
Hillel. Often called by the title "the Elder." Probably a Babylonian, Hillel was an important *sage of the *early Jewish period in *Palestine around the turn of the era. His teachings convey the *Pharisaic ideal, through many epigrams on humility and peace (found in _Sayings of the Fathers_ 1-2); and were fundamental in shaping the Pharisaic traditions and modes of interpretation. In rabbinic lore, Hillel is famous for a negative formulation of the "golden rule" (recited to a non-Jew): "What is hateful to you do not do to your fellow man. That is the whole Torah, the rest is commentary. Go and learn it." His style of legal reasoning is continued by his disciples, known as Beit Hillel ("House/School of Hillel"), and is typically contrasted with that of Shammai (a contemporary) and his school.. Often called by the title "the Elder." Probably a Babylonian, Hillel was an important *sage of the *early Jewish period in *Palestine around the turn of the era. His teachings convey the *Pharisaic ideal, through many epigrams on humility and peace (found in _Sayings of the Fathers_ 1-2); and were fundamental in shaping the Pharisaic traditions and modes of interpretation. In rabbinic lore, Hillel is famous for a negative formulation of the "golden rule" (recited to a non-Jew): "What is hateful to you do not do to your fellow man. That is the whole Torah, the rest is commentary. Go and learn it." His style of legal reasoning is continued by his disciples, known as Beit Hillel ("House/School of Hillel"), and is typically contrasted with that of Shammai (a contemporary) and his school.
holy spirit (= "holy ghost" [archaic]). In Judaism, the presence of God as evidenced in the speech of the *prophets and other divine manifestations; in Christianity, understood more generally as the active, guiding presence of God in the *church and its members.holy spirit (= "holy ghost" [archaic]). In Judaism, the presence of God as evidenced in the speech of the *prophets and other divine manifestations; in Christianity, understood more generally as the active, guiding presence of God in the *church and its members.
icon. A painted religious image -- for example of Mary, *Jesus Christ, or a saint -- understood in Eastern *Orthodoxy to be a copy of a heavenly image.A painted religious image -- for example of Mary, *Jesus Christ, or a saint -- understood in Eastern *Orthodoxy to be a copy of a heavenly image.
immaculate conception. In *classical Christianity, the claim that the *Virgin Mary became pregnant with Jesus/Joshua under a special dispensation of God so that she remained pure, without the original sin usually transmitted through the sexual act. Feasts celebrating her conception were popular in the middle ages, although the act of recognizing this as an official doctrine (*dogma) of the Roman *Catholic church was not formalized by the *pope until 1854. Not to be confused with the doctrine of the *virgin birth of Jesus.. In *classical Christianity, the claim that the *Virgin Mary became pregnant with Jesus/Joshua under a special dispensation of God so that she remained pure, without the original sin usually transmitted through the sexual act. Feasts celebrating her conception were popular in the middle ages, although the act of recognizing this as an official doctrine (*dogma) of the Roman *Catholic church was not formalized by the *pope until 1854. Not to be confused with the doctrine of the *virgin birth of Jesus.
inquisition. Refers especially to the Christian Roman *Catholic court for investigating and punishing *heresy. The first *papal inquisitions began in the late twelfth century and were centralized under *pope Innocent III; another notable court was the Spanish inquisition in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.. Refers especially to the Christian Roman *Catholic court for investigating and punishing *heresy. The first *papal inquisitions began in the late twelfth century and were centralized under *pope Innocent III; another notable court was the Spanish inquisition in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
inter-testamental period. The period in which *early Judaism develops, between about 400 BCE (the traditional end date for Jewish *Bible = Christian *"Old Testament") and the 1st century CE (composition of the Christian *"New Testament"). The Jewish intertestamental literature includes the *Apocrypha (mostly preserved in Greek) and the *Pseudepigrapha (works from this period ascribed to ancient authors like Enoch, the *patriarchs, and Moses). This literature provides important background for understanding the period of Christian origins.The period in which *early Judaism develops, between about 400 BCE (the traditional end date for Jewish *Bible = Christian *"Old Testament") and the 1st century CE (composition of the Christian *"New Testament"). The Jewish inter-testamental literature includes the *Apocrypha (mostly preserved in Greek) and the *Pseudepigrapha (works from this period ascribed to ancient authors like Enoch, the *patriarchs, and Moses). This literature provides important background for understanding the period of Christian origins.

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Jerusalem. From the religious viewpoints of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the main city in ancient *Palestine (= modern Israel), where the *Temple of David/Solomon had been located, *Jesus/Joshua had been crucified/resurrected, Muhammad had journeyed to heaven (his <a>miraj</>), among other significant things. Thus for all three religions, in some senses Jerusalem is a or the "holy city."Jerusalem. From the religious viewpoints of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the main city in ancient *Palestine (= modern Israel), where the *Temple of David/Solomon had been located, *Jesus/Joshua had been crucified/resurrected, Muhammad had journeyed to heaven (his <a>miraj</>), among other significant things. Thus for all three religions, in some senses Jerusalem is a or the "holy city."
Jesus/Joshua ("Jesus" is the Greek attempt to transliterate the Semitic name "Joshua"). The *Palestinian figure from the 1st century CE whose death and alleged resurrection as God's *Messiah/*Christ became foundational for an *early Jewish sub-group known as Nazarenes, from which "Christianity" ultimately developed as a separate religion.Jesus/Joshua ("Jesus" is the Greek attempt to transliterate the Semitic name "Joshua"). The *Palestinian figure from the 1st century CE whose death and alleged resurrection as God's *Messiah/*Christ became foundational for an *early Jewish sub-group known as Nazarenes, from which "Christianity" ultimately developed as a separate religion.
Josephus or Flavius Josephus. Jewish general and author in the latter part of the 1st century CE who wrote a massive history ("Antiquities") of the Jews and a detailed treatment of the Jewish revolt against Rome in 66-73 CE (and his involvement in it), among other things.. Jewish general and author in the latter part of the 1st century CE who wrote a massive history ("Antiquities") of the Jews and a detailed treatment of the Jewish revolt against Rome in 66-73 CE (and his involvement in it), among other things.
Judah the Prince (Heb., haNasi). Head of the *rabbinic Jewish community in *Palestine around 200 CE. Credited with publication of the *Mishnah.(Heb., ha Nasi). Head of the *rabbinic Jewish community in *Palestine around 200 CE. Credited with publication of the *Mishnah.
Judaism, Jew. From the Hebrew name of the *patriarch Judah, whose name also came to designate the tribe and tribal district in which *Jerusalem was located. Thus the inhabitants of Judah and members of the tribe of Judah come to be called "Judahites" or, in short form, "Jews." The religious outlook associated with these people comes to be called "Judaism," and has varying characteristics at different times and places: see especially *early Judaism, *rabbinic Judaism.. From the Hebrew name of the *patriarch Judah, whose name also came to designate the tribe and tribal district in which *Jerusalem was located. Thus the inhabitants of Judah and members of the tribe of Judah come to be called "Judahites" or, in short form, "Jews." The religious outlook associated with these people comes to be called "Judaism," and has varying characteristics at different times and places: see especially *early Judaism, *rabbinic Judaism.
justification. In Christian thought, the state (or judicial act) of being released by God from the guilt of sin.justification. In Christian thought, the state (or judicial act) of being released by God from the guilt of sin.justification. In Christian thought, the state (or judicial act) of being released by God from the guilt of sin.justification. In Christian thought, the state (or judicial act) of being released by God from the guilt of sin.
kaddish. A *classical Jewish prayer (mostly in Aramaic) with *eschatological focus extolling God's majesty and kingdom recited at the conclusion of each major section of each *liturgical service; a long version (called rabbinic kaddish) follows an act of study; also a prayer by mourners during the first year of bereavement and on the anniversary of the death of next-of-kin. Compare the Christian *"Lord's Prayer," Islam's *Fatiha.. A *classical Jewish prayer (mostly in Aramaic) with *eschatological focus extolling God's majesty and kingdom recited at the conclusion of each major section of each *liturgical service; a long version (called rabbinic kaddish) follows an act of study; also a prayer by mourners during the first year of bereavement and on the anniversary of the death of next-of-kin. Compare the Christian *"Lord's Prayer," Islam's *Fatiha.
Karaism, Karaites. Derived from Heb. <h>kara (qara)</>, "******ure." A Middle Eastern *heterodox Jewish group that arose in opposition to *Rabbinism in the 8th century CE, and emphasized the written *******ures while criticizing the rabbinic use of *"oral law."Karaism, Karaites. Derived from Heb. <h>kara (qara)</>, "******ure." A Middle Eastern *heterodox Jewish group that arose in opposition to *Rabbinism in the 8th century CE, and emphasized the written *******ures while criticizing the rabbinic use of *"oral law."
keneset Israel. "Assembly of Israel," or the Jewish people as a whole. See Muslim *umma; compare Christian *church. keneset Israel. "Assembly of Israel," or the Jewish people as a whole. See Muslim *umma; compare Christian *church.
Kingdom of God. The state of the world in which God's will is fulfilled; expected to be brought into being at the end of time when Christ returns.. The state of the world in which God's will is fulfilled; expected to be brought into being at the end of time when Christ returns.
kohen or cohen (pl. <h>kohanim</>; Heb.). An Israelite *priest, generally descended from the tribe of Levi.kohen or cohen (pl. <h>kohanim</>; Heb.). An Israelite *priest, generally descended from the tribe of Levi.
kosher (Heb., <h>kasher</>). "Proper" or "ritually correct"; <h>kashrut</> refers to ritually correct Jewish dietary practices. Traditional Jewish dietary laws are based on *biblical legislation. Only land animals that chew the cud and have split hooves (sheep, beef; not pigs, camels) are permitted and must be slaughtered in a special way. Further, meat products may not be eaten with milk products or immediately thereafter. Of sea creatures, only those (fish) having fins and scales are permitted. Fowl is considered a meat food and also has to be slaughtered in a special manner.kosher (Heb., <h>kasher</>). "Proper" or "ritually correct"; <h>kashrut</> refers to ritually correct Jewish dietary practices. Traditional Jewish dietary laws are based on *biblical legislation. Only land animals that chew the cud and have split hooves (sheep, beef; not pigs, camels) are permitted and must be slaughtered in a special way. Further, meat products may not be eaten with milk products or immediately thereafter. Of sea creatures, only those (fish) having fins and scales are permitted. Fowl is considered a meat food and also has to be slaughtered in a special manner.
law. See *torah, *commandments, *oral and written law, *halakah, *Shulhan Aruch, *nomos, *shariah.. See *torah, *commandments, *oral and written law, *halakah, *Shulhan Aruch, *nomos, *shariah.
levarite marriage. From the Latin <l>levir</> for the Hebrew <h>yabam</>, brother-in-law; a *biblical system of marriage in which the levir marries his brother's widow (Deuteronomy 25.5-10).. From the Latin <l>levir</> for the Hebrew <h>yabam</>, brother-in-law; a *biblical system of marriage in which the levir marries his brother's widow (Deuteronomy 25.5-10).
liturgy (adj. liturgical). Rites of public worship, usually institutionalized in *temple, *synagogue, or *church tradition.(adj. liturgical). Rites of public worship, usually institutionalized in *temple, *synagogue, or *church tradition.
logos (Greek, "word," "speech"; divine reason). A Greek term found in various connections in hellenistic thought, including the philosophy of Philo the 1st century CE Alexandrian Jew where it is comparable to the Hebrew <h>hokmah</> ("wisdom"; Greek <g>sofia</>). In the Christian Gospel of John, <g>logos</> is equated with the divine functions of *Jesus Christ (John 1.1-18).Greek, "word," "speech"; divine reason). A Greek term found in various connections in hellenistic thought, including the philosophy of Philo the 1st century CE Alexandrian Jew where it is comparable to the Hebrew <h>hokmah</> ("wisdom"; Greek <g>sofia</>). In the Christian Gospel of John, <g>logos</> is equated with the divine functions of *Jesus Christ (John 1.1-18).
Lord's Prayer (or "the Our Father"). A familiar Christian prayer attributed to *Jesus/Joshua (*NT Matthew 6.9-13) and comparable to the Jewish *kaddish (see also Islam's *Fatiha).). A familiar Christian prayer attributed to *Jesus/Joshua (*NT Matthew 6.9-13) and comparable to the Jewish *kaddish (see also Islam's *Fatiha).
Marranos. An old Spanish term meaning "swine," used to execrate medieval Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity but secretly kept their Judaism.Marranos. An old Spanish term meaning "swine," used to execrate medieval Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity but secretly kept their Judaism.Marranos. An old Spanish term meaning "swine," used to execrate medieval Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity but secretly kept their Judaism.Marranos. An old Spanish term meaning "swine," used to execrate medieval Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity but secretly kept their Judaism.
Masoretes, Masoretic ****. Derived from <h>masorah</>, meaning "tradition"; the Masoretes were the rabbis in ninth-century *Palestine who sought to preserve the traditional **** of the Bible (hence called the Masoretic ****), which is still used in contemporary *synagogues. The Masoretes were scholars who encouraged Bible study and attempted to achieve unlformity by establishing rules for correcting the **** in matters of spelling, grammar, and pronunciation.Masoretes, Masoretic ****. Derived from <h>masorah</>, meaning "tradition"; the Masoretes were the rabbis in ninth-century *Palestine who sought to preserve the traditional **** of the Bible (hence called the Masoretic ****), which is still used in contemporary *synagogues. The Masoretes were scholars who encouraged Bible study and attempted to achieve unlformity by establishing rules for correcting the **** in matters of spelling, grammar, and pronunciation.Masoretes, Masoretic ****. Derived from <h>masorah</>, meaning "tradition"; the Masoretes were the rabbis in ninth-century *Palestine who sought to preserve the traditional **** of the Bible (hence called the Masoretic ****), which is still used in contemporary *synagogues. The Masoretes were scholars who encouraged Bible study and attempted to achieve unlformity by establishing rules for correcting the **** in matters of spelling, grammar, and pronunciation.Masoretes, Masoretic ****. Derived from <h>masorah</>, meaning "tradition"; the Masoretes were the rabbis in ninth-century *Palestine who sought to preserve the traditional **** of the Bible (hence called the Masoretic ****), which is still used in contemporary *synagogues. The Masoretes were scholars who encouraged Bible study and attempted to achieve unlformity by establishing rules for correcting the **** in matters of spelling, grammar, and pronunciation.
mass (from Latin for "send"). In *classical (Roman *Catholic) Christianity, the entire set of prayers and ceremonies surrounding the *eucharist. See also *Christmas.mass (from Latin for "send"). In *classical (Roman *Catholic) Christianity, the entire set of prayers and ceremonies surrounding the *eucharist. See also *Christmas.mass (from Latin for "send"). In *classical (Roman *Catholic) Christianity, the entire set of prayers and ceremonies surrounding the *eucharist. See also *Christmas.mass (from Latin for "send"). In *classical (Roman *Catholic) Christianity, the entire set of prayers and ceremonies surrounding the *eucharist. See also *Christmas.
messiah. Lit "anointed one"; Greek <g>christos</>. Ancient *priests and kings (and sometimes *prophets) of Israel were anointed with oil. In early Judaism, the term came to mean a royal descendant of the dynasty of David who would restore the united kingdom of Israel and Judah and usher in an age of peace, justice and plenty; the redeemer figure. The concept developed in many directions over the centuries. The messianic age was believed by some Jews to be a time of perfection of human institutions; others believed it to be a time of radical new beginnings, a new heaven and earth, after divine judgment and destruction. The title came to be applied to *Jesus/Joshua of Nazareth by his followers, who were soon called "Christians" in Greek and Latin usage. Jesus is also "Messiah" in Islam (e.g. *Quran 3.45).messiah. Lit "anointed one"; Greek <g>christos</>. Ancient *priests and kings (and sometimes *prophets) of Israel were anointed with oil. In early Judaism, the term came to mean a royal descendant of the dynasty of David who would restore the united kingdom of Israel and Judah and usher in an age of peace, justice and plenty; the redeemer figure. The concept developed in many directions over the centuries. The messianic age was believed by some Jews to be a time of perfection of human institutions; others believed it to be a time of radical new beginnings, a new heaven and earth, after divine judgment and destruction. The title came to be applied to *Jesus/Joshua of Nazareth by his followers, who were soon called "Christians" in Greek and Latin usage. Jesus is also "Messiah" in Islam (e.g. *Quran 3.45).messiah. Lit "anointed one"; Greek <g>christos</>. Ancient *priests and kings (and sometimes *prophets) of Israel were anointed with oil. In early Judaism, the term came to mean a royal descendant of the dynasty of David who would restore the united kingdom of Israel and Judah and usher in an age of peace, justice and plenty; the redeemer figure. The concept developed in many directions over the centuries. The messianic age was believed by some Jews to be a time of perfection of human institutions; others believed it to be a time of radical new beginnings, a new heaven and earth, after divine judgment and destruction. The title came to be applied to *Jesus/Joshua of Nazareth by his followers, who were soon called "Christians" in Greek and Latin usage. Jesus is also "Messiah" in Islam (e.g. *Quran 3.45).

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midrash (pl. midrashim). From Heb. <h>darash</>, "to inquire," whence it comes to mean "exposition" (of *******ure). Refers to the "commentary" literature developed in classical Judaism that attempts to interpret Jewish ******ures in a thorough manner. Literary Midrash may focus either on halakah, directing the Jew to specific patterns of religious practice, or on (h)aggadah, dealing with theological ideas, ethical teachings, popular philosophy, imaginative exposition, legend, allegory, animal fables, etc. -- that is, whatever is not halakah.midrash (pl. midrashim). From Heb. <h>darash</>, "to inquire," whence it comes to mean "exposition" (of *******ure). Refers to the "commentary" literature developed in classical Judaism that attempts to interpret Jewish ******ures in a thorough manner. Literary Midrash may focus either on halakah, directing the Jew to specific patterns of religious practice, or on (h)aggadah, dealing with theological ideas, ethical teachings, popular philosophy, imaginative exposition, legend, allegory, animal fables, etc. -- that is, whatever is not halakah.
millenarian. From the Latin for "1000" (see also *chiliastic). Having to do with the expected millennium, or thousand-year reign of Christ prophesied in the *NT book of Revelation ("the *Apocalypse"), a time in which the world would be brought to perfection. Millenarian movements often grow up around predictions that this perfect time is about to begin. See *eschatology.millenarian. From the Latin for "1000" (see also *chiliastic). Having to do with the expected millennium, or thousand-year reign of Christ prophesied in the *NT book of Revelation ("the *Apocalypse"), a time in which the world would be brought to perfection. Millenarian movements often grow up around predictions that this perfect time is about to begin. See *eschatology.millenarian. From the Latin for "1000" (see also *chiliastic). Having to do with the expected millennium, or thousand-year reign of Christ prophesied in the *NT book of Revelation ("the *Apocalypse"), a time in which the world would be brought to perfection. Millenarian movements often grow up around predictions that this perfect time is about to begin. See *eschatology.millenarian. From the Latin for "1000" (see also *chiliastic). Having to do with the expected millennium, or thousand-year reign of Christ prophesied in the *NT book of Revelation ("the *Apocalypse"), a time in which the world would be brought to perfection. Millenarian movements often grow up around predictions that this perfect time is about to begin. See *eschatology.
min (pl. <h>minim</>; Heb.). A heretic, sectarian, or schismatic, according to classical Judaism. The term was applied both to Christians, especially Christian Jews, and to people of "gnostic" tendencies, among others.min (pl. <h>minim</>; Heb.). A heretic, sectarian, or schismatic, according to classical Judaism. The term was applied both to Christians, especially Christian Jews, and to people of "gnostic" tendencies, among others.min (pl. <h>minim</>; Heb.). A heretic, sectarian, or schismatic, according to classical Judaism. The term was applied both to Christians, especially Christian Jews, and to people of "gnostic" tendencies, among others.min (pl. <h>minim</>; Heb.). A heretic, sectarian, or schismatic, according to classical Judaism. The term was applied both to Christians, especially Christian Jews, and to people of "gnostic" tendencies, among others.
Mishnah. Lit. "teaching"; the digest of the recommended Jewish *oral halakah as it existed at the end of the 2nd century and was collated, edited, and revised by Rabbi *Judah the Prince. The code is divided into six major units and sixty-three minor ones. The work is the authoritative legal tradition of the early *sages and is the basis of the legal discussions of the *Talmud. See also *pilpul.Mishnah. Lit. "teaching"; the digest of the recommended Jewish *oral halakah as it existed at the end of the 2nd century and was collated, edited, and revised by Rabbi *Judah the Prince. The code is divided into six major units and sixty-three minor ones. The work is the authoritative legal tradition of the early *sages and is the basis of the legal discussions of the *Talmud. See also *pilpul.
mitzvah (pl. <h>mitzvot</>; Heb., "commandment, obligation"). A ritual or ethical duty or act of obedience to God's will. See also commandments.mitzvah (pl. <h>mitzvot</>; Heb., "commandment, obligation"). A ritual or ethical duty or act of obedience to God's will. See also commandments.mitzvah (pl. <h>mitzvot</>; Heb., "commandment, obligation"). A ritual or ethical duty or act of obedience to God's will. See also commandments.mitzvah (pl. <h>mitzvot</>; Heb., "commandment, obligation"). A ritual or ethical duty or act of obedience to God's will. See also commandments.
monastery (adj. monastic). Especially in Christianity, an isolated institution in which *monks (or *nuns) gather and often live together, in a disciplined quest of religious fulfilment.monastery (adj. monastic). Especially in Christianity, an isolated institution in which *monks (or *nuns) gather and often live together, in a disciplined quest of religious fulfilment.monastery (adj. monastic). Especially in Christianity, an isolated institution in which *monks (or *nuns) gather and often live together, in a disciplined quest of religious fulfilment.(adj. monastic). Especially in Christianity, an isolated institution in which *monks (or *nuns) gather and often live together, in a disciplined quest of religious fulfillment.
monasticism. The way of life or tradition of Christian *monks or *nuns living in *monasteries.
monk (from Greek, "a loner, a solitary person"). Especially in Christianity, persons who pledged their existence to what they considered to be God's highest purposes, to be pursued in relative isolation from otherwise usual human pursuits (e.g. in a *monastery, practicing *celibacy and religious discipline).monk (from Greek, "a loner, a solitary person"). Especially in Christianity, persons who pledged their existence to what they considered to be God's highest purposes, to be pursued in relative isolation from otherwise usual human pursuits (e.g. in a *monastery, practicing *celibacy and religious discipline).
Moses. The great *biblical personality (c. thirteenth century BCE) who is credited with leading the people of Israel out of Egyptian bondage and teaching them the divine laws at Sinai. He is also described as first of the Jewish *prophets. Throughout Jewish history he is the exalted man of faith and leadership without peer.Moses. The great *biblical personality (c. thirteenth century BCE) who is credited with leading the people of Israel out of Egyptian bondage and teaching them the divine laws at Sinai. He is also described as first of the Jewish *prophets. Throughout Jewish history he is the exalted man of faith and leadership without peer.
mystic, mysticism (adj. mystical; from Greek for "initiant" into religious "mysteries"). A vaguely used term to indicate certain types of behavior or perspective that goes beyond the rational in the quest of what is considered to be the ultimate in religious experience (often described as union or direct communion with deity). See also *kabalah, *sufi/sufism. mystic, mysticism (adj. mystical; from Greek for "initiant" into religious "mysteries"). A vaguely used term to indicate certain types of behavior or perspective that goes beyond the rational in the quest of what is considered to be the ultimate in religious experience (often described as union or direct communion with deity). See also *kabalah, *sufi/sufism.
New Testament (= NT). The collection of Christian *canonical writings that together with "the *Old Testament" (see also *Apocrypha) constitute the Christian *Bible.New Testament (= NT). The collection of Christian *canonical writings that together with "the *Old Testament" (see also *Apocrypha) constitute the Christian *Bible.New Testament (= NT). The collection of Christian *canonical writings that together with "the *Old Testament" (see also *Apocrypha) constitute the Christian *Bible.New Testament (= NT). The collection of Christian *canonical writings that together with "the *Old Testament" (see also *Apocrypha) constitute the Christian *Bible.

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nomos (pl. <g>nomoi</>). A Greek term meaning "law" that comes to be used in similar senses to *"torah", referring to the *Pentateuch, all of Jewish *******ure, and even proto-rabbinic *halakah; an expert in <g>nomos</> is termed a <g>nomikos</>.nomos (pl. <g>nomoi</>). A Greek term meaning "law" that comes to be used in similar senses to *"torah", referring to the *Pentateuch, all of Jewish *******ure, and even proto-rabbinic *halakah; an expert in <g>nomos</> is termed a <g>nomikos</>.nomos (pl. <g>nomoi</>). A Greek term meaning "law" that comes to be used in similar senses to *"torah", referring to the *Pentateuch, all of Jewish *******ure, and even proto-rabbinic *halakah; an expert in <g>nomos</> is termed a <g>nomikos</>.nomos (pl. <g>nomoi</>). A Greek term meaning "law" that comes to be used in similar senses to *"torah", referring to the *Pentateuch, all of Jewish *******ure, and even proto-rabbinic *halakah; an expert in <g>nomos</> is termed a <g>nomikos</>.
Old Testament (= OT). The name traditionally given by Christians to the Jewish *biblical writings that together with "the *New Testament" constitute the Christian *Bible. For most *Protestant Christians, OT is identical to the classical Jewish Bible, while for *classical (Roman *Catholic, Greek *Orthodox, etc.) Christianity, OT also includes "the *Apocrypha."Old Testament (= OT). The name traditionally given by Christians to the Jewish *biblical writings that together with "the *New Testament" constitute the Christian *Bible. For most *Protestant Christians, OT is identical to the classical Jewish Bible, while for *classical (Roman *Catholic, Greek *Orthodox, etc.) Christianity, OT also includes "the *Apocrypha."Old Testament (= OT). The name traditionally given by Christians to the Jewish *biblical writings that together with "the *New Testament" constitute the Christian *Bible. For most *Protestant Christians, OT is identical to the classical Jewish Bible, while for *classical (Roman *Catholic, Greek *Orthodox, etc.) Christianity, OT also includes "the *Apocrypha."Old Testament (= OT). The name traditionally given by Christians to the Jewish *biblical writings that together with "the *New Testament" constitute the Christian *Bible. For most *Protestant Christians, OT is identical to the classical Jewish Bible, while for *classical (Roman *Catholic, Greek *Orthodox, etc.) Christianity, OT also includes "the *Apocrypha."
omer. Lit. "sheaf." In Judaism, the sheaf of grain offering brought to the temple during *Passover, on Nisan 16; thus also the name of the seven-week period between Passover/Pesah and *Shabuot also known as the Sephirah. See also *calendar.omer. Lit. "sheaf." In Judaism, the sheaf of grain offering brought to the temple during *Passover, on Nisan 16; thus also the name of the seven-week period between Passover/Pesah and *Shabuot also known as the Sephirah. See also *calendar.
oral law. In traditional Jewish *pharisaic/*rabbinic thought, God reveals instructions for living through both the written *******ures and through a parallel process of orally transmitted traditions. Critics of this approach within Judaism include *Sadducees and *Karaites.oral law. In traditional Jewish *pharisaic/*rabbinic thought, God reveals instructions for living through both the written *******ures and through a parallel process of orally transmitted traditions. Critics of this approach within Judaism include *Sadducees and *Karaites.
ordination. Especially in Christianity, the ceremony of investing a person with ministerial or *priestly office.ordination. Especially in Christianity, the ceremony of investing a person with ministerial or *priestly office.ordination. Especially in Christianity, the ceremony of investing a person with ministerial or *priestly office.ordination. Especially in Christianity, the ceremony of investing a person with ministerial or *priestly office.
original sin. In classical Christian thought, the fundamental state of sinfulness and guilt, inherited from the first man Adam, that infects all of humanity but can be removed through depending on Christ.original sin. In classical Christian thought, the fundamental state of sinfulness and guilt, inherited from the first man Adam, that infects all of humanity but can be removed through depending on Christ.
orthodox. From the Greek for "correct opinion/outlook," as opposed to *heterodox or heretical. The judgment that a position is "orthodox" depends on what are accepted as the operative "rules" or authorities at the time. Over the course of history, the term "orthodox" has come to denote the dominant surviving forms that have proved themselves to be "traditional" or *"classical" or "mainstream" (e.g. *rabbinic Judaism; the Roman *Catholic and Greek *Orthodox Christian *churches; *sunni Islam), although new, relative "orthodoxies" constantly emerge (and often disappear).orthodox. From the Greek for "correct opinion/outlook," as opposed to *heterodox or heretical. The judgment that a position is "orthodox" depends on what are accepted as the operative "rules" or authorities at the time. Over the course of history, the term "orthodox" has come to denote the dominant surviving forms that have proved themselves to be "traditional" or *"classical" or "mainstream" (e.g. *rabbinic Judaism; the Roman *Catholic and Greek *Orthodox Christian *churches; *sunni Islam), although new, relative "orthodoxies" constantly emerge (and often disappear).
Palestine (Greek form representing "Philistines," for the seacoast population encountered by early geographers). An ancient designation for the area between Syria (to the north) and Egypt (to the south), between the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan; roughly, modern Israel.Palestine (Greek form representing "Philistines," for the seacoast population encountered by early geographers). An ancient designation for the area between Syria (to the north) and Egypt (to the south), between the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan; roughly, modern Israel.Palestine (Greek form representing "Philistines," for the seacoast population encountered by early geographers). An ancient designation for the area between Syria (to the north) and Egypt (to the south), between the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan; roughly, modern Israel.Palestine (Greek form representing "Philistines," for the seacoast population encountered by early geographers). An ancient designation for the area between Syria (to the north) and Egypt (to the south), between the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan; roughly, modern Israel.
papal. See *pope.papal. See *pope.
Passover (Hebrew <h>pesah</>). The major Jewish spring holiday (with agricultural aspects) also known as <h>hag hamatzot</> (festival of unleavened bread) commemorating the *Exodus or deliverance of the Hebrew people from Egypt (see Exodus 12-13). The festival lasts eight days, during which Jews refrain from eating all leavened foods and products. A special ritual meal (called the *Seder) is prepared, and a traditional narrative (called the *Haggadah), supplemented by hymns and songs, marks the event. See *calendar; also Christian *Easter.Passover (Hebrew <h>pesah</>). The major Jewish spring holiday (with agricultural aspects) also known as <h>hag hamatzot</> (festival of unleavened bread) commemorating the *Exodus or deliverance of the Hebrew people from Egypt (see Exodus 12-13). The festival lasts eight days, during which Jews refrain from eating all leavened foods and products. A special ritual meal (called the *Seder) is prepared, and a traditional narrative (called the *Haggadah), supplemented by hymns and songs, marks the event. See *calendar; also Christian *Easter.Passover (Hebrew <h>pesah</>). The major Jewish spring holiday (with agricultural aspects) also known as <h>hag hamatzot</> (festival of unleavened bread) commemorating the *Exodus or deliverance of the Hebrew people from Egypt (see Exodus 12-13). The festival lasts eight days, during which Jews refrain from eating all leavened foods and products. A special ritual meal (called the *Seder) is prepared, and a traditional narrative (called the *Haggadah), supplemented by hymns and songs, marks the event. See *calendar; also Christian *Easter.Passover (Hebrew <h>pesah</>). The major Jewish spring holiday (with agricultural aspects) also known as <h>hag hamatzot</> (festival of unleavened bread) commemorating the *Exodus or deliverance of the Hebrew people from Egypt (see Exodus 12-13). The festival lasts eight days, during which Jews refrain from eating all leavened foods and products. A special ritual meal (called the *Seder) is prepared, and a traditional narrative (called the *Haggadah), supplemented by hymns and songs, marks the event. See *calendar; also Christian *Easter.
patriarchs. 1. A common designation for the early founding figures of ancient Semitic tradition (before *Moses) such as *Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the twelve tribal figureheads of Israel (Judah, Benjamin, etc.). 2. One of the bishops of the four major early Christian centers -- Rome, Jerusalem, Antioch, or Alexandria, with Constantinople later added as a fifth. After the break with Rome (see *great schism), the term may refer to the head of any of the national divisions of the Eastern *church.patriarchs. 1. A common designation for the early founding figures of ancient Semitic tradition (before *Moses) such as *Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the twelve tribal figureheads of Israel (Judah, Benjamin, etc.). 2. One of the bishops of the four major early Christian centers -- Rome, Jerusalem, Antioch, or Alexandria, with Constantinople later added as a fifth. After the break with Rome (see *great schism), the term may refer to the head of any of the national divisions of the Eastern *church.patriarchs. 1. A common designation for the early founding figures of ancient Semitic tradition (before *Moses) such as *Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the twelve tribal figureheads of Israel (Judah, Benjamin, etc.). 2. One of the bishops of the four major early Christian centers -- Rome, Jerusalem, Antioch, or Alexandria, with Constantinople later added as a fifth. After the break with Rome (see *great schism), the term may refer to the head of any of the national divisions of the Eastern *church.patriarchs. 1. A common designation for the early founding figures of ancient Semitic tradition (before *Moses) such as *Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and the twelve tribal figureheads of Israel (Judah, Benjamin, etc.). 2. One of the bishops of the four major early Christian centers -- Rome, Jerusalem, Antioch, or Alexandria, with Constantinople later added as a fifth. After the break with Rome (see *great schism), the term may refer to the head of any of the national divisions of the Eastern *church.
penance. The *sacramental rite, in Christian Roman *Catholicism, consisting of repentance, confession to a *priest, payment of the temporal penalty for one's sins, and forgiveness.penance. The *sacramental rite, in Christian Roman *Catholicism, consisting of repentance, confession to a *priest, payment of the temporal penalty for one's sins, and forgiveness.
Pentateuch (from Greek for "five books/scrolls"). The five books attributed to *Moses: Genesis, *Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy; known in Jewish tradition as <h>Torat Mosheh</> (the teaching of Moses), or simply the *Torah.Pentateuch (from Greek for "five books/scrolls"). The five books attributed to *Moses: Genesis, *Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy; known in Jewish tradition as <h>Torat Mosheh</> (the teaching of Moses), or simply the *Torah.Pentateuch (from Greek for "five books/scrolls"). The five books attributed to *Moses: Genesis, *Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy; known in Jewish tradition as <h>Torat Mosheh</> (the teaching of Moses), or simply the *Torah.Pentateuch (from Greek for "five books/scrolls"). The five books attributed to *Moses: Genesis, *Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy; known in Jewish tradition as <h>Torat Mosheh</> (the teaching of Moses), or simply the *Torah.
Pentecost (Greek for "50th [day]"). See *Shabuot/Shavuot.Pentecost (Greek for "50th [day]"). See *Shabuot/Shavuot.Pentecost (Greek for "50th [day]"). See *Shabuot/Shavuot.Pentecost (Greek for "50th [day]"). See *Shabuot/Shavuot.
Perushim; see *Pharisees.Perushim; see *Pharisees.
Pesach; see *Passover.Pesach; see *Passover.

[نسيبة بنت كعب]

Pharisees (Hebrew <h>perushim</>, lit. "separatists" (?); adj. pharisaic). The name given to a group or movement in *early Judaism, the origin and nature of which is unclear. Many scholars identify them with the later *sages and *rabbis who taught the *oral and written law; Sigal and some others see them as a complex of pietistic and zealous separatists, distinct from the *proto- rabbis. According to *Josephus (see also *NT), the Pharisees believed in the immortality of souls and resurrection of the dead, in a balance between *predestination and free will, in angels as active divine agents, and in authoritative *oral law. In the early Christian materials, Pharisees are often depicted as leading opponents of *Jesus/Joshua and his followers, and are often linked with "scribes" but distinguished from the *Sadducees.Pharisees (Hebrew <h>perushim</>, lit. "separatists" (?); adj. pharisaic). The name given to a group or movement in *early Judaism, the origin and nature of which is unclear. Many scholars identify them with the later *sages and *rabbis who taught the *oral and written law; Sigal and some others see them as a complex of pietistic and zealous separatists, distinct from the *proto- rabbis. According to *Josephus (see also *NT), the Pharisees believed in the immortality of souls and resurrection of the dead, in a balance between *predestination and free will, in angels as active divine agents, and in authoritative *oral law. In the early Christian materials, Pharisees are often depicted as leading opponents of *Jesus/Joshua and his followers, and are often linked with "scribes" but distinguished from the *Sadducees.Pharisees (Hebrew <h>perushim</>, lit. "separatists" (?); adj. pharisaic). The name given to a group or movement in *early Judaism, the origin and nature of which is unclear. Many scholars identify them with the later *sages and *rabbis who taught the *oral and written law; Sigal and some others see them as a complex of pietistic and zealous separatists, distinct from the *proto- rabbis. According to *Josephus (see also *NT), the Pharisees believed in the immortality of souls and resurrection of the dead, in a balance between *predestination and free will, in angels as active divine agents, and in authoritative *oral law. In the early Christian materials, Pharisees are often depicted as leading opponents of *Jesus/Joshua and his followers, and are often linked with "scribes" but distinguished from the *Sadducees.Pharisees (Hebrew <h>perushim</>, lit. "separatists" (?); adj. pharisaic). The name given to a group or movement in *early Judaism, the origin and nature of which is unclear. Many scholars identify them with the later *sages and *rabbis who taught the *oral and written law; Sigal and some others see them as a complex of pietistic and zealous separatists, distinct from the *proto- rabbis. According to *Josephus (see also *NT), the Pharisees believed in the immortality of souls and resurrection of the dead, in a balance between *predestination and free will, in angels as active divine agents, and in authoritative *oral law. In the early Christian materials, Pharisees are often depicted as leading opponents of *Jesus/Joshua and his followers, and are often linked with "scribes" but distinguished from the *Sadducees.
Philo Judeus (= "the Jew") of Alexandria. Greek speaking (and writing) prolific Jewish author in the 1st century CE. Provides extensive evidence for Jewish thought in the Greco-Roman ("hellenistic") world outside of *Palestine.Philo Judeus (= "the Jew") of Alexandria. Greek speaking (and writing) prolific Jewish author in the 1st century CE. Provides extensive evidence for Jewish thought in the Greco-Roman ("hellenistic") world outside of *Palestine.Philo Judeus (= "the Jew") of Alexandria. Greek speaking (and writing) prolific Jewish author in the 1st century CE. Provides extensive evidence for Jewish thought in the Greco-Roman ("hellenistic") world outside of *Palestine.Philo Judeus (= "the Jew") of Alexandria. Greek speaking (and writing) prolific Jewish author in the 1st century CE. Provides extensive evidence for Jewish thought in the Greco-Roman ("hellenistic") world outside of *Palestine.
pope (adj. papal; from the Latin for "father"). In Christian history, a mode of addressing important *church leaders, and especially the *bishop of Rome; thence it became a technical term for that bishop, as leader of the entire *Catholic (universal) *church.pope (adj. papal; from the Latin for "father"). In Christian history, a mode of addressing important *church leaders, and especially the *bishop of Rome; thence it became a technical term for that bishop, as leader of the entire *Catholic (universal) *church.pope (adj. papal; from the Latin for "father"). In Christian history, a mode of addressing important *church leaders, and especially the *bishop of Rome; thence it became a technical term for that bishop, as leader of the entire *Catholic (universal) *church.pope (adj. papal; from the Latin for "father"). In Christian history, a mode of addressing important *church leaders, and especially the *bishop of Rome; thence it became a technical term for that bishop, as leader of the entire *Catholic (universal) *church.
predestination. The idea that one's eternal destiny is determined beforehand, from the beginning of time, by the will and plan of the deity.predestination. The idea that one's eternal destiny is determined beforehand, from the beginning of time, by the will and plan of the deity.
priest (see also *kohen). A functionary usually associated, in antiquity, with *temples and their rites (including sacrifice). In *classical Christianity, the office of priest was developed (see *ordination, *clergy) in connection with celebration of the *mass and *eucharist, and with *celibacy as an important qualification especially in Roman *Catholicism.priest (see also *kohen). A functionary usually associated, in antiquity, with *temples and their rites (including sacrifice). In *classical Christianity, the office of priest was developed (see *ordination, *clergy) in connection with celebration of the *mass and *eucharist, and with *celibacy as an important qualification especially in Roman *Catholicism.priest (see also *kohen). A functionary usually associated, in antiquity, with *temples and their rites (including sacrifice). In *classical Christianity, the office of priest was developed (see *ordination, *clergy) in connection with celebration of the *mass and *eucharist, and with *celibacy as an important qualification especially in Roman *Catholicism.priest (see also *kohen). A functionary usually associated, in antiquity, with *temples and their rites (including sacrifice). In *classical Christianity, the office of priest was developed (see *ordination, *clergy) in connection with celebration of the *mass and *eucharist, and with *celibacy as an important qualification especially in Roman *Catholicism.
prophet (from Greek, to "speak for" or "speak forth"). Name given to accepted spokespersons of God (or their opposites, "false prophets"). Became a designation for a section of the Jewish *******ures; see *nabi, *rasul, *TaNaK.prophet (from Greek, to "speak for" or "speak forth"). Name given to accepted spokespersons of God (or their opposites, "false prophets"). Became a designation for a section of the Jewish *******ures; see *nabi, *rasul, *TaNaK.prophet (from Greek, to "speak for" or "speak forth"). Name given to accepted spokespersons of God (or their opposites, "false prophets"). Became a designation for a section of the Jewish *******ures; see *nabi, *rasul, *TaNaK.prophet (from Greek, to "speak for" or "speak forth"). Name given to accepted spokespersons of God (or their opposites, "false prophets"). Became a designation for a section of the Jewish *******ures; see *nabi, *rasul, *TaNaK.
proto-Judaism = *early Judaism.proto-Judaism = *early Judaism.proto-Judaism = *early Judaism.proto-Judaism = *early Judaism.
proto-rabbis. Pre-70 CE *sages who set the foundations of post-70 CE rabbinic *Judaism before the ordination of rabbis became formalized in its classical sense.proto-rabbis. Pre-70 CE *sages who set the foundations of post-70 CE rabbinic *Judaism before the ordination of rabbis became formalized in its classical sense.proto-rabbis. Pre-70 CE *sages who set the foundations of post-70 CE rabbinic *Judaism before the ordination of rabbis became formalized in its classical sense.proto-rabbis. Pre-70 CE *sages who set the foundations of post-70 CE rabbinic *Judaism before the ordination of rabbis became formalized in its classical sense.
pseudepigrapha (adj. pseudepigraphical), from Greek <g>pseudos</>, "deceit, untruth," and <g>epigraphe</>, "writing, in******ion." A name given to a number of *intertestamental *apocryphal writings that are implausibly attributed to an ancient worthy such as Adam/Eve, Enoch, Abraham, *Moses, Isaiah, Ezra, etc.pseudepigrapha (adj. pseudepigraphical), from Greek <g>pseudos</>, "deceit, untruth," and <g>epigraphe</>, "writing, in******ion." A name given to a number of *intertestamental *apocryphal writings that are implausibly attributed to an ancient worthy such as Adam/Eve, Enoch, Abraham, *Moses, Isaiah, Ezra, etc.pseudepigrapha (adj. pseudepigraphical), from Greek <g>pseudos</>, "deceit, untruth," and <g>epigraphe</>, "writing, in******ion." A name given to a number of *intertestamental *apocryphal writings that are implausibly attributed to an ancient worthy such as Adam/Eve, Enoch, Abraham, *Moses, Isaiah, Ezra, etc.pseudepigrapha (adj. pseudepigraphical), from Greek <g>pseudos</>, "deceit, untruth," and <g>epigraphe</>, "writing, in******ion." A name given to a number of *intertestamental *apocryphal writings that are implausibly attributed to an ancient worthy such as Adam/Eve, Enoch, Abraham, *Moses, Isaiah, Ezra, etc.