الرد على شبهة زواج النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم من عائشة رضي الله عنهما بعمر السادسة و دخوله عليها في التاسعة

[محمد سني 1989]

ثانيا : وجود زواج الصغير و الصغيرة في التراث و العادات اليهودية :

و هناك شبه اجماع في المصادر اليهودية على زواج الصغير و الصغيرة انما اختلفوا بين بعضهم البعض على ادني حد لسن الزواج :

1. فمنهم من قال ان حد البلوغ و الزواج عند اليهودية هو 12 سنة :
نقرا من الموسوعة اليهودية :
Some urge that children should marry as soon as they reach the age of puberty, i.e., the fourteenth year (Sanh. 76b); and R. Ḥisda attributed his mental superiority to the)) fact that he was married when he was but sixteen years old (Ḳid. l.c.). It was, however, strictly forbidden for parents to give their children in marriage before they had reached the age of puberty (Sanh. 76b). A man who, without any reason, refused to marry after he had passed his twentieth year was frequently compelled to do so by the court. To be occupied with the study of the Torah was regarded as a plausible reason for delaying marriage; but only in very rare instances was a man permitted to remain in celibacy all his life (Yeb. 63b; Maimonides, "Yad," Ishut, xv. 2, 3; Shulḥan 'Aruk, Eben ha-'Ezer, 1, 1-4; see Celibacy).....Minors (i.e., such as have not reached the age of puberty, which was held to begin at thirteen years in males, and twelve in females), are also precluded from contracting marriages (see Majority). A daughter who was a minor could be given in marriage by her father; and such a marriage was valid. In the case of her father's death, her mother or her brothers could give her in marriage, subject to her confirmation or annulment on her reaching the age of puberty(see Mi'un). A marriage contracted under certain conditions was valid when the conditions were fulfilled. The conditions had to be formulated in accordance with the general laws governing conditions (see Conditions).))
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/ar...-marriage-laws

2. و منهم من صرح ان حد البلوغ و الزواج للمراة هو ثلاث سنوات و اجازوا ان يدخل بها زوجها بعد سن الثالثة و استشدوا على ذلك بان رفقة كان عمرها ثلاث سنوات حينما تزوجت من اسحاق عليه الصلاة و السلام !! .
نقرا من تلمود سنهدرين 55 ب :
(( Rav Yosef says: Come and hear a resolution from a mishna (Nidda 44b): A girl who is three years and one day old whose father arranged her betrothal is betrothed with intercourse, as the legal status of intercourse with her is that of full-fledged intercourse. And in a case where the childless husband of a girl who is three years and one day old dies, if his brother, the yavam, engages in intercourse with her, he acquires her as his wife; and if she is married, a man other than her husband is liable for engaging in intercourse with her due to the prohibition of intercourse with a married woman.))
https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.55b.3-4?lang=en

و نقرا من تسير الراباي راشي لسفر التكوين 25: 20
((forty years old: For when Abraham came from Mount Moriah, he was informed that Rebecca had been born. Isaac was then thirty-seven years old, for at that time Sarah died, and from the time that Isaac was born until the “Binding” [of Isaac], when Sarah died, were thirty-seven years, for she was ninety years old when Isaac was born, and one hundred and twenty-seven when she died, as it is stated (above 23:1): “The life of Sarah was [a hundred and twenty seven years.”] This makes Isaac thirty-seven years old, and at that time, Rebecca was born. He waited for her until she would be fit for marital relations-three years-and then married her. — [From Gen. Rabbah 57:1;))
https://www.chabad.org/library/bible...showrashi/true

و اختلفوا في امر الذكور فمنهم من صرح ان الصبي اذا بلغ التاسعة جاز له ان يجامع زوجته ان كان متزوجا :
نقرا من تلمود سنهدرين 54 ب :
((The Gemara asks: What does it mean that the Torah does not deem a younger boy to be like an older boy? Rav says: It means that the Torah does not deem the intercourse of one who is less than nine years old to be like the intercourse of one who is at least nine years old, as for a male’s act of intercourse to have the legal status of full-fledged intercourse the minimum age is nine years. And Shmuel says: The Torah does not deem the intercourse of a child who is less than three years old to be like that of one who is three years old. ))
https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.54...h=all&lang2=en

3. و عارض الرايين السابقين فرقة ذهبت الى جواز التزوج من الصغير او الصغيرة الذي او التي قاربت البلوغ و لم تبلغ بعد
نقرا من تلمود سنهدرين 76 ب :
The Gemara raises an objection to one element of the ruling of Rav from a baraita: One who loves his wife as he loves himself, and who esteems her by giving her clothing and jewelry more than he esteems himself, and one who instructs his sons and daughters to follow an upright path, and who marries them to appropriate spouses adjacent to their reaching puberty, ensures that his home will be devoid of quarrel and sin. Concerning him the verse states: “And you shall know that your tent is in peace; and you shall visit your habitation and shall miss nothing” (Job 5:24). The baraita indicates that it is a mitzva to marry one’s children to appropriate spouses while they are young, contrary to the statement of Rav that one who takes a wife for his minor son causes sin. The Gemara replies: Adjacent to their reaching puberty is different from marrying her to a minor, as there is no concern that his daughter will sin during the brief period until her husband reaches puberty. The Sages taught: One who loves his neighbors, and one who brings his relatives close, and one who marries the daughter of his sister, an example of a woman that he knows and likes before taking her as his wife, and one who lends a sela to a poor man at his time of need, when he has no alternative source of funds, with regard to each of them the verse states: “Break your bread for the hungry, and the poor that are cast out bring to your house; when you see the naked, you shall clothe him, and hide not yourself from your own flesh…then shall you call, and the Lord will answer; you shall cry, and He will say: Here I am” (Isaiah 58:7–9).
https://www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.76b.2-4?lang=en

و لنا في هذه قرينتان مهمتان من الكتاب المقدس :

1. الجواري الصغيرات اللواتي سباهن بنو اسرائيل .
نقرا في سفر العدد الاصحاح 31 :
17 فَالآنَ اقْتُلُوا كُلَّ ذَكَرٍ مِنَ الأَطْفَالِ. وَكُلَّ امْرَأَةٍ عَرَفَتْ رَجُلاً بِمُضَاجَعَةِ ذَكَرٍ اقْتُلُوهَا.
18 لكِنْ جَمِيعُ الأَطْفَالِ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ اللَّوَاتِي لَمْ يَعْرِفْنَ مُضَاجَعَةَ ذَكَرٍ أَبْقُوهُنَّ لَكُمْ حَيَّاتٍ .

قول الموسوعة الكنسية لتفسير العهد القديم شرح لكل آية الجزء الثالث الصفحة 267 :
أمر موسي بحسم قادة جيشه ، يقتلوا كل الأطفال الذكور الذين إذا كبروا صاروا رجالا يقاومون الشعب وقد يتأثرون لما حدث لأبائهم وكذلك كل النساء الغير العذاري واللواتي تلوثت بعضهن بإغواء بني اسرائيل سابقا بالإضافة أنهن تحملن شعور انتقم لأزواجهن أما الأطفال من البنات والفتيات من البنات العذاري فأبقي عليهن موسي كسبايا وعطايا لرجاله .




و نقرا من تفاسير الكتاب المقدس :
Pulpit Commentary
Verse 18. - Keep alive for yourselves,i.e., for domestic slaves in the first instance. Subsequently no doubt many of them became inferior wives of their masters, or were married to their sons. Infants were probably put to death with their mothers.

Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible
But all the women children,.... The females among the little ones:
that have not known a man by lying with him; which might be pretty clear, and easily concluded, from their age:
keep for yourselves; either to be handmaids to them, or to be married among them when grown up, and become proselytes, and initiated into their religion.

Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers
(18) Keep alive for yourselves.—The Israelites were allowed to make slaves of their captives. Shortly after the capture of these Midianitish women, and, it may be, as arising out of it, the law concerning marriage with captives was enacted.

https://biblehub.com/commentaries/numbers/31-18.htm

2. حسب تفاسير الكتاب المقدس آحاز تزوج وهو ابن 10 سنين، وأنجب وهو ابن 11 سنة .
نقرا من سفر الملوك الثاني 16:
1 فِي السَّنَةِ السَّابِعَةَ عَشْرَةَ لِفَقْحَ بْنِ رَمَلْيَا، مَلَكَ آحَازُ بْنُ يُوثَامَ مَلِكِ يَهُوذَا.
2 كَانَ آحَازُ ابْنَ عِشْرِينَ سَنَةً حِينَ مَلَكَ، وَمَلَكَ سِتَّ عَشَرَةَ سَنَةً فِي أُورُشَلِيمَ. وَلَمْ يَعْمَلِ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ فِي عَيْنَيِ الرَّبِّ إِلهِهِ كَدَاوُدَ أَبِيهِ،

و نقرا من سفر الملوك الثاني 18:1 وَفِي السَّنَةِ الثَّالِثَةِ لِهُوشَعَ بْنِ أَيْلَةَ مَلِكِ إِسْرَائِيلَ مَلَكَ حَزَقِيَّا بْنُ آحَازَ مَلِكِ يَهُوذَا.
2 كَانَ ابْنَ خَمْسٍ وَعِشْرِينَ سَنَةً حِينَ مَلَكَ، وَمَلَكَ تِسْعًا وَعِشْرِينَ سَنَةً فِي أُورُشَلِيمَ، وَاسْمُ أُمِّهِ أَبِي ابْنَةُ زَكَرِيَّا.

و لدفع هذا التناقض يقول منيس عبد النور في كتابه شبهات وهمية حول الكتاب المقدس الصفحة 167 :
(( لا مانع ان يكون بينه و بين ابيه 11 سنة . قال ابو محمد : (( كان بين عبد الله وبين ابيه عمرو بن العاص 12 سنة )) و اعاد ابن قتيبة هذا الكلام ثانية في كتاب المعارف فيكون مثل الفرق بين حزقيا و احاز ابنه فان 12 سنة هجرية تساوي 11 سنة شمسية و حدث اسحاق بن راهويه عن صالح : (( كانت لنا جارية بنت 21 سنة وهي جدة ))))
file:///Users/MacbookPro/Downloads/14- شبهات وهمية حول الكتاب المقدس- [christianlib.com].pdf



و ايضا يقول انطونيوس فكري في تفسيره لسفر الملوك الثاني الاصحاح 16:
(( أحاز = كان إسمه يهوأحاز وكاتب السفر حرمه من إسم يهوة فهو لا يستحقه ونلاحظ فى الآية 2 أن أحاز كان عمره 20 سنة حين ملك وملك 16 سنة فكان لهُ من العمر 36 سنة حين مات. وكان إبنه حزقيا إبن 25 سنة حين ملك وليس من المستبعد أن يكون أحاز قد أنجب حزقيا وسنه 11 سنة ولكن بوضع الآيات فى الإصحاحات التالية ومقارنتها يبدو أن أحاز أنجب حزقيا فى سن أكبر من ذلك (حوالى 14 سنة).))

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