اللغة السامرية واللغة العبرية

[بن حلبية]

الاخوة الاحباء
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

نحاول في هذه الصفحة ان نعرف الفرق بين اللغة السامرية التي كتبت بها نسخة التوراة السامرية ، واللغة العبرية التي كتب بها النص المازوري
وهذا البحث في 3 مسائل
المسألة الاولي : في اثبات ان هناك لغة تسمي اللغة السامرية وانها تختلف عن العبرية في الخط والنطق للالفاظ وفي القواعد النحوية
المسألة الثانية : تحديد تلك الاختلافات
المسألة الثالثة : اثر تلك الاختلافات علي نسختي التوراة

المسألة الاولي : الشواهد علي ان هناك لغة تسمي اللغة السامرية

الكتاب الاول :

The Torah:Jewish and Samaritan Versions Compared
Arranged by Mark Shoulson

أ- وننقل عنه الفقرات التالية :

1-

The Samaritans also continue to use a descendent of the older ``paleo-Hebrew'' script (referred to
in the Talmud as ``Hebrew script''). The Talmudic name for the squarish Hebrew lettering we use todayliterally means ``Assyrian script,'' and appears to be a derivative of an Aramaic form of the alphabet
2- The pronunciation and grammar of Samaritan Hebrew is radically different from that of the Jews. Some of these differences are important to consider when studying the differences between the two texts.
3- the Samaritan pronunciation has dropped the letters  almost completely, to the point that a word like has only one syllable
4- This becomes significant when we consider variations between the Masoretic and Samaritan versions like  vs. in Genesis 1:14.
5- It is a proper noun, the name of a river, and so there are no other forms or constructions from which to find its ``root'' and demonstrate how it should be spelled. To a Samaritan reader, both spellings would be pronounced the same.
6- The same applies to the mountain named in Genesis 8:4:  in the Masoretic version, but  in the Samaritan version..
7- Similarly, one should not be confused by the Samaritan reading in Gen. 18:15, which has Abraham
telling Sarah ``'' and think that Abraham is asserting the he, himself, had laughed.
7- It is much more likely that this spelling represents the Samaritan second person feminine singular past tense
ending -ti, which can also be seen in some surviving instances in the Masoretic text, as in the ketiv
at Jer. 4:19, in Judges 5:7, and in Song of Songs 4:9.
8- there are many differing versions of it (some 6000, by some counts), all quite different from the Masoretic version and less blatantly different from each other.
9- The Samaritan text does not have such a strong tradition of care and fidelity, and exists in a number of
different versions with more significant differences. The Shekhem Synagogue text was chosen mainly because it was available,

ب- كما تري من النص السابق فالخلاف بين اللغة السامرية واللغة العبرية ليس مجرد خلاف في الخط وانما خلاف ايضا في قواعد نطق الكلمات وفي القواعد النحوية وكل هذه الخلافات مؤثرة علي المقارنة بين النصين


الكتاب الثاني :

A GRAMMAR OF THE SAMARITAN LANGUAGE. WITH EXTRACTS AND VOCABULAEY.
BY
G. F. KICHOLLS,

وننقل عنه الفقرات التالية
1-

The importance of the study of the Biblical languages has never been questioned, excepting by those men who are ignorant of them, and are disposed to condemn in toto the utility of that which they have not the means or opportunity
to acquire.
2- The phrase " Biblical Languages," although capable of extension to all those versions of the Sacred Scriptures which
have been made during the last century into almost every important language and dialect, is usually confined to the
following: viz. Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, Ethiopic, Afnharic, and Coptic ; to which, of course, the
Greek and Latin may be added.
3- The first four of the languages just enumerated have received especial attention at the hands of scholars; while
the four latter have been wholly neglected or forgotten.
4- The Work is preceded by a brief dissertation upon the Samaritans, their language and literature
5- The Samaritan is chiefly a compound of the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac. Among the words derived from these
sources, are to be recognised a great number of Cuthsean words,
6- the Samaritan dialect generally
speaking, it is far more simple in its syntax than the hebrew,and free from those technical constructions with particles, which are especially found in the latter. It does not, however,
appear to convey ideas more imperfectly than the Hebrew
7- besides a large number of words borrowed from -the three principal dialects of the Shemitic family, the Samaritan language is found to contain
words foreign to all three of them.
8- there is every reason to believe that the Alphabet now called the Samaritan, was also employed by the Jews in ranscribing those copies of the law which were disseminated throughout the tribes of Israel.
9- The Pentateuch, known as the Hebraeo- Samaritan, appears to support this supposition ; although written in Samaritan characters, the difference between it and the authorised Hebrew Pentateuch is so small, that there can be no difficulty in pronouncing the former to be a copy of the latter, or rather
the latter a copy of the former;
10- The Samaritan Version, which is written in the Samaritan dialect, and of which the following work is a Grammar,
11- from the Atlas Ethnograpliique of the learned Adrien Balbi:
—" Le Samaritain tient de I'Hebreu, du Chaldeen, et du Syriaque ; mais difiere cependant d'une maniere assez
notable de ces idiomes, soit par ses formes grammaticales, soit par des racines qui lui sont propres, soit par des acceptions partlculieres de celles qui lui sont communes avec lesautres dialectes semitiques.

"

يتضح كما تري من النقل السابق خاصة الجزء المنقول بالفرنسية عن ادريان بالبي انه رغم ان اللغة السامرية تعتبر تجميع للغات العبرية والكالدية والسريانية الا انها تختلف عن الثلاثة في مفراداتها وقواعدها وليس في الخط فقط

ويمكن الرجوع للكتاب الاصلي لمعرفة تلك الفروق بين اللغات العبرية والسامرية
لاحظ ايضا ان الخلافات ( الاصلية وليست التي بسبب اختلاف اللغة) بين نسختي التوراة قليلة من حيث تأثيرها حتي يمكن اعتبار ان النسخة العبرية هي صورة منقولة عن السامرية