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http://www.dctcrs.org/s7001.htm
The World Zionist Organization
The World Zionist Organization is a Jewish organization founded by Binyamin Zeev Herzl during the First Zionist Congress, which convened in Basel in 1897 as an all-Jewish parliament. The Congress dealt with ways for implementing the goals of Zionism, and these were set in the Basel Program: "Establishing for the Jewish people a publicly and legally assured home in Eretz Yisrael" For the attainment of this purpose, four objectives were set in motion: The promotion of settling Eretz Yisrael with Jewish agriculturists, artisans, and tradesmen; the gathering of all Jews into effective groups of action, local or general, in accordance with the laws of their various countries; the strengthening of the Jewish-national feeling and consciousness; and fourthly, taking preparatory steps for the acceptance of worldwide recognition necessary for the achievement of the Zionist purpose. Furthermore, it was set that the Zionist movement will work through the Congress which will convene once a year (from 1901 onwards the Congress itself convened every two years). After the World Zionist Organization was established, it was joined by 260 groups of Hovevei Zion from Russia and Eastern Europe.
The role of the Zionist Congress was to resolve political issues stemming from the actions executed by the World Zionist Organization, to determine its budget, and to elect its president and its institutions: The Zionist Executive Committee and its executive Presidium. The number of delegates sent by the Jewish communities to the Congress was relative to the number of community members that purchased the Zionist Shekel. The Zionist Shekel was introduced towards the elections to the Second Zionist Congress, indicating that the person had bought a certification of membership with the World Zionist Organization, given to every person who paid the annual fee. The number of shekels sold in every country was an indicator of the number of delegates to be sent from there.
In its first years, the World Zionist Organization worked at establishing settlements in Eretz Yisrael. It formed institutions to help fulfill its goals: The Jewish Colonial Trust was founded in 1899 for financing Herzls plan of purchasing a franchise of Jewish settlements in Eretz Yisrael from the Ottoman Empire. The Anglo-Palestine Bank was established in 1902 within the Jewish Colonial Trust. It was a commercial bank and investments institute. Prior to it, in 1901, the Jewish National Fund was established to buy and develop lands in Eretz Yisrael. The Israel Land Development Company was established in 1909 for similar intents. These were all assisted by the Eretz Yisrael Bureau, founded in Jaffa in 1907 and headed by Arthur Ruppin. The Bureau aimed at representing the World Zionist Organization in Eretz Yisrael and helped carry out the plans of settlement. The Bureau was replaced by the Delegates Commission and in 1921 it became the Zionist Executive in Eretz Yisrael. The United Israel Appeal was established in 1920 for raising funds to finance welfare, health, education and the continuation of settlement.
Herzl presided over the debates of the First Zionist Congress and was elected to serve as President of the World Zionist Organization, a position in which he remained until his passing in 1904. He envisioned the problems of the Jewish people as an international issue that needed to be dealt with on a global scale. Herzl worked to achieve two main causes: The first - establishment of a homeland for the Jewish people in Eretz Yisrael, with the consent of the great nations and implemented through a "charter" of political rights that will be reached in diplomatic negotiations as set in the Basel Program; the second strengthening and developing the World Zionist Organization in order for it to become a significant party in future political negotiations and later head the settlement process. The World Zionist Organization worked through diplomatic means, mainly in Germany and the Ottoman Empire, but Herzls direct political efforts did not bring the results he had hoped for.
Herzl attempted to gain Zionism the sympathy of statesmen and positive public opinion in Great Britain. For this reason, the Fourth Zionist Congress convened in 1900 in London. He had negotiated with the British Government on franchises of the settlement in Cyprus, the Sinai Peninsula and in the region near Wadi al-Arish, but his attempts to reach an agreement on Jewish settlements in these areas were in vain. Herzl continued negotiating with the British Government for possibilities of settlement in Uganda, as he thought it may serve as a temporary land for the refugees of Eastern Europe. The Uganda Program aroused fierce objection to it during the Sixth Zionist Congress, held in Basel in 1903.
Herzls passing, the following year, caused great shock to the Zionist movement and brought a change in its political policy. David Wolffsohn was appointed in his place as President of the World Zionist Organization, and he continued negotiations with the Turks. Meanwhile, practical work was continued in Eretz Yisrael: Members of the Second Aliyah strengthened the settlement in Eretz Yisrael. The Turks showed hostility toward the Zionists in Eretz Yisrael during the First World War, who were rescued from possible danger only due to the involvement of the American ambassador and the diplomatic delegation of Germany in Constantinople. It was eventually Chaim Weizmann who convinced the British Government that it will benefit by supporting the Zionist cause. On November 2nd 1917, the Balfour Declaration was made, stating that: "His Majesty's Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object"
In 1920, the Allied Forces Council (preceding the League of Nations) approved the British Mandate on Palestine based on the Balfour Declaration and establish that in order to fulfill the declarations promises, a "Jewish Agency" shall also be formed to "advise the Government of Palestine on economic and social issues, as well as other matters." Therefore, the World Zionist Executive was established in 1920, acting as a "Jewish agency" as called for by the Mandate. The Zionist Executive was divided into the following departments: Political, Labor and Immigration, Settlement (including a section for Industry and Trade), and Education and Health. It operated through the financial institutions of the World Zionist Organization.
The Jewish Agency for Eretz Yisrael was established in 1929 to act on behalf of the World Zionist Organization in relation to the British Government, the administration in Palestine, and the League of Nations. In its first convention, held in Zurich, half of the delegates represented the World Zionist Organization while the others represented various non-Zionist organizations. The President of the World Zionist Organization, Chaim Weizmann was also elected as President of the Jewish Agency. In later years, the participation of the non-Zionist bodies in the work of the Jewish Agency decreased significantly.
The official aim of the World Zionist Organization was defined in 1942 as the aspiration to establish a "Jewish Community." The Biltmore Program stated that "Eretz Yisrael will be based as a Jewish community, to be integrated into a new democratic world." This was the first official demand of the Zionist movement for a Jewish state to be established in Eretz Yisrael (though the word "State" was not specifically mentioned), long after it was agreed upon between Zionists that their goal is to aspire for an independent sovereign state. From this point onwards, the demand for a state became the proclaimed goal of the Zionist movement.
In the pre-State years, the Jewish Agency served as an executive body, dealing with the organization of Aliyah, Aliyah Bet, and immigrants absorption. "Youth Aliyah" was also established, working alongside the Jewish Agencys departments for Labor, Settlement and Industry and taking part in establishing the defense force of the Yishuv and the "tower and stockade settlements." Furthermore, the Jewish Agency took part in representing the Yishuv before the mandate government and other bodies. David Ben Gurion served as its Chairman between the years 19351948, while the political department was headed by Chaim Arlosoroff (19311933) and Moshe Shertok (later Moshe Sharett).
The flag and anthem used by the World Zionist Organization were adopted by the State of Israel in 1948. The establishment of the state concluded the main goal set forth by the World Zionist Organization, prompting questions on its future necessity. A majority of the Zionist and Israeli leadership did not agree with Prime Minister David Ben Gurion that it should be dissolved. At the 23rd Zionist Congress, held in Jerusalem in 1951 for the first time following the establishment of the state, new missions were defined for the Zionist movement. These were known as the "Jerusalem Program," and they promoted the following goals: "Reinforcement of the State of Israel, gathering of the Diaspora in Eretz Yisrael, and guaranteeing the unity of the Jewish people." This new status for the World Zionist Organization within the State of Israel was defined in the World Zionist Organization Jewish Agency (Status) Law-1952, in which the State of Israel recognized the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency as authorized bodies aimed at the development of Israel, its settlement, immigrants absorption, and the coordination among Israeli institutions which handle these issues. The law also expressed hope that the Jewish people will be involved in the development of the State, and that the World Zionist Organization will work towards unity between all sections of world Jewry. In 1954 the Israeli government and the Zionist Executive signed a treaty defining the procedures for cooperation between them, providing the World Zionist Organization with an official status of representing world Jewry and continuing to be involved in Aliyah and immigrant absorption and settlement. Membership in the World Zionist Organization was no longer dependent on single donors, but on collective Zionist authorities.
The Zionist Movement had lost much of its influence and prestige during the 1950s. It did not have the power to bring together all of the Jewish communities outside of Israel. However, the Diasporas support of Israel during the time preceding the Six Day War brought new life into the involvement of the Israeli government in matters relating to the Diaspora. At the 27th Zionist Congress, held in 1968, a second "Jerusalem Program" was formulated, expressing the solidarity of the Jewish people with the State of Israel at times of crisis and the central part of the State in the lives of the Jewish people. It also redefined the goals of Zionism as: "The solidarity of the Jewish people and the central part of the State Israel in the lives of the Jewish people; gathering of the Jewish people in their historical homeland Eretz Yisrael by promoting Aliyah from all states; reinforcement of the State of Israel . Promotion of Jewish and Hebraic education and encouragement of cultural and spiritual Jewish values, as well as protection of the Jewish peoples rights worldwide." Membership in the World Zionist Organization was opened to all Jewish bodies, both national and international, who accept the Jerusalem Program. This brought five bodies to join the Organization: The World Federation of Sephardic Communities, the World Union of Maccabi, the World Union for Progressive Judaism, the International Synagogues Council, and the International Committee of Synagogues and Communities.
The renewed identification of the Diaspora with the State of Israel increased the acknowledgment of Jewish world leaders in sharing the matters of the State of Israel with the world Jewry. For this reason it was decided to expand the Jewish Agencys organizational structure and join it with fundraising organizations. An agreement was signed in 1970 and authorized in a convention in Jerusalem in 1971 to change the structure of the Jewish Agency: 50% of its representation will be comprised of the World Zionist Organization; 30% will be the United Jewish Appeal and 20% will be organizations identified with the United Israel Appeal. As part of this change, the World Zionist Organization was separated from the Jewish Agency, while both bodies remained under the leadership of one chairman, director general and treasurer. It was also determined that the World Zionist Organization will continue to handle the organization, propaganda, education, immigrant absorption from industrialized countries, settlement beyond the "Green Line," and supervision over the Jewish National Fund. The Jewish Agency was appointed to be in charge of immigrant absorption from developing countries, housing, settlement within the "Green Line," immigrant absorption of agricultural settlements, youth education, economic development, and welfare services. In accordance with this change, two new agreements were signed in 1979 between the two bodies and the Israeli government.
The World Zionist Organizations Executive is elected at the Zionist Congress, which convenes since 1960 every 4-5 years. Delegates to the Congress are elected on behalf of their organizations in the Diaspora and on behalf of the Zionist political parties, represented in accordance with their relative representation at the Knesset. Most delegates are from Israel and the United States. The Zionist Executive operates on behalf of the Congress, gathering on a yearly basis.
The executive body of the Jewish Agency is the executive, and it runs four departments: Department for Aliyah and immigrant absorption, department for agricultural settlement, department for youth Aliyah, and the treasury. A board of directors oversees its actions. The Jewish Agency does not engage in tasks that would conflict with the authority of the Israeli government or with the World Zionist Organization. Its activity behind the "Green Line" has been suspended due to political limitations. Its actions are financed by the United Israel Appeal, the United Jewish Appeal and the Israeli government.
The Casino in Basel Switzerland - Site of the FIrst Zionist Congress
Herzl addressing the First Zionist Congress
Maurice de Hirsch
Maurice de Hirsch. .
1896 1891 .
Jewish Colonization Association
Paris, 17 August 1939
Mr. J. Kirzner
Brooklyn
Dear Sir:
In response to your letter, we would like to inform you that the candidacy of your brother, Morduch Kirzner, has been accepted and the formalities for obtaining an entry permit for Argentina are in progress.
The duration of the formalities does not, unfortunately, depend on us; we can not therefore indicate to you how much time exactly your brother will wait for his departure.
Sincerely yours,
JEWISH COLONIZATION ASSOCATION
17 1939
/ .
/
ǡ
PALESTINE.
Report on
Immigration, Land Settlement
and Development. By SIR JOHN HOPE SIMPSON, C.I.E. 1930
:
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8633-jewish-colonization-association
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6 30 1889 .
Jewish Colonization Association
..
מקומות אחריםארץ ישראל
Baron Maurice De HirschThe Jewish Colonization AssociationArgentinaBrazilCanada
Eastern EuropeTurkey & CyprusOther PlacesEretz Israel
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Table of Contents
Objects.
History.
Argentine Colonies.
Process of Selection.
North America.
Asia Minor and Palestine.
Galicia and Russia.
Rumania.
Organization.
Objects.
Society founded by Baron de Hirsch Sept., 1891, and incorporated at London under the Companies' Acts of 1862-90, with a capital of 2,000,000, divided into 20,000 non-dividend-drawing shares of 100 each; Baron de Hirsch subscribed for 19,993 shares; and Lord Rothschild, Sir Julian Goldsmid, E. Cassel, F. D. Mocatta, and Benjamin S. Cohen of London, and S. H. Goldschmidt and Solomon Reinach of Paris for one share each. Before his death Baron de Hirsch divided his shares among the following corporations: the synagogue of Brussels and the Jewish communities of Berlin and Frankfort-on-the-Main, 3,600 shares each; the Anglo-Jewish Association of London and the Alliance Isralite Universelle of Paris, 4,595 shares each. The purpose of the association is stated in article 3 of its charter as follows: "To assist and promote the emigration of Jews from any parts of Europe or Asia, and principally from countries in which they may for the time being be subjected to any special taxes or political or other disabilities, to any other parts of the world, and to form and establish colonies in various parts of North and South America and other countries for agricultural, commercial, and other purposes." "To establish and maintain or contribute to the establishment and maintenance in any part of the world of educational and training institutions, model farms, loan-banks, industries, factories, and any other institutions or associations which in the judgment of the council may be calculated to fit Jews for emigration and assist their settlement in various parts of the world, except in Europe, with power to contribute to the funds of any association or society already existing or hereafter formed and having objects which in the opinion of the council may assist or promote the carrying out of the objects of the association."
Originally, the association was to be governed by an administrative council of six members, but this provision was modified by the general assembly of 1896. The administrative council now numbers eleven members: five are appointed directly, one each by the five corporations each holding, approximately, one-fifth of the capital; the other six are elected for a period of five years by a vote of the general assembly of the stockholders, convened once a year. Baron de Hirsch was really the sole director of the association; only after his death, April, 1896, did the council of administration enter upon its duties.
History.
After the death of his only son, Lucien, Baron de Hirsch conceived the idea of creating a number of foundations for the purpose of raising the moral and material status of the Jews of eastern Europe; one of these was destined for the Russian Jews. Statutes were drawn up and submitted to the Russian government, which was at first favorably disposed; but it soon changed its attitude, and Baron de Hirsch decided to devote the money to philanthropic work outside Europe for the benefit of the oppressed European Jews.
Argentine Colonies.
It was at this time (1889) that Dr. W. Löwenthal, on his return from a trip to Argentina, suggested to Baron de Hirsch the idea of founding a colony in that country. On Aug. 20, 1890, a conference was held in Paris at the residence of Baron de Hirsch, those present including Isidore Loeb, Michel Erlanger, Dr. W. Löwenthal, C. E. Cullen, Colonel Vanvinkeroy, and Dr. E. Schwarzfeld. C. E. Cullen, Dr. Löwenthal, and Colonel Vanvinkeroy were appointed as a commission to visit that country; six months later they submitted a favorable report, and Dr. Löwenthal was sent to the Argentine Republic as director, with full powers to make the necessary preparations for the future Jewish colonists. He was allowed a year's time; but he had hardly landed at Buenos Ayres when the persecutions in Russia forced masses of Jews to leave that country (May, 1891). Then, at the instance of Jewish relief committees, Baron de Hirsch decided to send a certain number of families to the Argentine Republic at once. But the land acquired in the provinces of Santa F (the Moseville colony) and Buenos Ayres (the Mauricio colony) was insufficient for all the immigrants. Many of them gave up agricultural life, and a change of management became necessary (Dec., 1891). The new provisional director, A. Roth, had acquired land in the province of Entre Rios (the colony Clara), where the overflow from the Mauricio and Moseville colonies was sent; but neither Roth nor his successor, Colonel Goldsmid, appointed in 1892, could overcome the numerous difficulties, especially as the large and costly staff did not understand the manners and customs of the immigrants; and the temporary relief which had necessarily been given to the colonists had demoralized many families.
Process of Selection.
Colonel Goldsmid was succeeded March, 1893, by Maxim Kogan, and the latter by Samuel Hirsch and David Cazs; the undesirable elements were eliminated, and the monthly relief was cut off. The council now decided to select colonists in Russia only from such families as desired to be sent to Argentina. Ten groups, of fifty families each, were accordingly designated in the province of Bessarabia; some of their members went ahead to examine the new country and prepare for the remainder: these families constituted several groups in the Clara colony. At the same time another group of forty families was selected in the government of Grodno, and was established at Moseville, which had been reduced to fifty families in 1893 through the elimination of the undesirable elements. The colonists were subjected to many trials, losing all their crops through locusts, heavy rains, drought, and their own inexperience. Hence Baron de Hirsch decided not to send out any more colonists until those already in the country were on a firm footing.
Share Certificate of the Jewish Colonial Trust.
Through the death of Baron de Hirsch the Jewish Colonization Association came into possession of a fund amounting to 6,000,000 ($30,000,000). The council then decided to extend the work; colonies were successively founded in North America, the island of Cyprus, Asia Minor, Palestine, Russia, Rumania, and Galicia, the Jewish Colonization Association also aiding the Alliance Isralite Universelle and other institutions whose aims were the same as its own. By an agreement with Baron Edmond de Rothschild the Jewish Colonization Association, since 1899, has also assumed the management of the colonies founded by him in Palestine. The history of the colonies will be found in Jew-Encyc. i. 241, s.v. Agricultural Colonies in the Argentine Republic; the latest statistics are here added:
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North America.
In the United States the ICA assists the Baron de Hirsch Fund principally in aiding the agricultural school at Woodbine, N. J., and the trade-school at, New York, N. Y. It has been instrumental in consolidating the colonies of Alliance, Carmel, and Rosenhayn, and has aided individual farmers in various parts of the country. It has founded, in conjunction with the Baron de Hirsch Fund, the Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, whose object is to aid Jewish farmers and subvention the Removal Committee created by this society. Since 1892 the ICA has contributed to the founding of the Hirsch colony near Assa, Northwest Territories; it has aided the Baron de Hirsch Institute of Montreal in building and maintaining a school for the children of Jewish immigrants; and it contributes to a fund for the aid of immigrants settling in Canada. Since 1901 the Jewish Colonization Association has contributed to the foundation of a new colony near Qu'Appelle, Assiniboia, N. W. Ter., on land granted by the Canadian government to families of Rumanian Jews.
Asia Minor and Palestine.
In Brazil the association has acquired 3 square miles of territory in the province of Rio Grande do Sul, where it proposes to start a colony. Since 1897 it has contributed to the foundation of a colony (33 persons) in CyprusMargo Tchiflik, near Nicosia, which it at present owns. The places of the former Russian colonists have been taken almost wholly by former pupils of the agricultural school of Jaffa (see Cyprus). In 1899 it acquired, near Smyrna, a tract of land covering 2,587 hectares, naming it" Or Yehudah." An agricultural school was founded there in Nov., 1900, which has now about fifty pupils. Six Jewish farmers are also established there, and seventy-six additional persons take part in the agricultural labors. Aside from the old colonies of Baron Edmond de Rothschild, of which it has assumed the management, the Jewish Colonization Association has contributed to the consolidation of the colonies Wadi el-Ḥanin, Rehoboth, Katra (Gadara), Hederah, and Mishmar ha-Yarden, and in the district of Tiberias it has exploited an agricultural tract, known as "Sajara," which is cultivated exclusively by Jewish laborers. Several of these laborers have also been established as petty farmers. In order to increase the number of merchants and artisans in Jerusalem the association has established the following: a silk-and woolen-mill for purposes of instruction, employing about one hundred persons; a knitting machine establishment, furnishing machines to poor families, which pay in monthly instalments; a dyeing establishment, the complement of the weaving-mill; a working men's quarter, in which artisans, laborers, and small traders may purchase small houses for a moderate sum; a bank that loans money on security, with moderate interest, to artisans, laborers, manufacturers, and small shopkeepers; schools for teaching girls to make lace and also nets for the hair.
Galicia and Russia.
The loan-banks, founded since 1899, constitute the chief work of the Jewish Colonization Association in Galicia. There are now six of these in operationat Brody, Kolomea, Rzeszow, Stanislawow, Tarnow, and Zalesczyki; and others are contemplated. Each of these institutions is managed by a council, in conformity with the Austrian laws. By the end of 1902 these banks had altogether 3,912 shareholders with 7,929 shares of 10 kronen each; the loans range from 25 to 400 kronen, repaid in small monthly instalments. Since their foundation these banks have loaned altogether 1,197,554.96 kronen. The industrial work of the association includes: the operation of knitting-mills, furnishing work for about sixty working women; the doll-factory at Tarnow, which employs one hundred men and women, and is intended to introduce the manufacture of dolls among the Galician Jews; the carpenter-shops at Stanislawow and Tarnow, for instructing boys in trades. In 1899 the association acquired the estate of Slobodka Lesna, near Kolomea, where it has established an agricultural school, with seventy pupils and eight carpenter's apprentices (1903). In Russia the association subventions agricultural, professional, and primary schools. It aids the Jewish farmers in the different governments, contributes to the loan-banks, and has established at Dubrovna a spinning-mill and a society for providing cheap lodging-houses. It has six agricultural and horticultural schools, with 210 pupils, at Czestoniew, Minsk, Moghilef-on-the-Dnieper, Novopoltawka, Orgejew, and Orsha. It supports twenty trade-schools for boys (1,916 pupils), seven trade-schools for girls (1,547 pupils), and two mixed schools, these schools being distributed in twenty-seven different localities. The association trains young men to assume positions as directors and instructors in its schools. In the interest of primary instruction it aids the Ḥebrat Marbeh Haskalah (Society for the Spread of Enlightenment) of St. Petersburg, which subventions seventy-five schools having a total roll of more than 5,500 pupils. It aids Jewish farmers by instructing and encouraging them in employing improved methods in agriculture and fruit-growing; it plants model gardens, introduces bee-culture and mutual loan-banks, and distributes farmers' almanacs and pamphlets on agriculture. This work also extends to Bessarabia and the colonies of the Northwestern Zone and of Kherson. The association has furthermore been instrumental in forming cooperative societies among the Jewish artisans at Akkerman, Bairamtcha, Romanowka, and Tarutino, and advances funds to the loan-banks founded in the cities for the purpose of aiding especially artisans and small dealers. The thirteen banks which thus have received funds are situated in localities having a total Jewish population of 240,000 persons. The banks have altogether 7,600 shareholders; the average sum loaned is 40 rubles, and in 1902 more than half a million rubles were loaned. Beginning with 1898 the association has instituted a statistical inquiry into the Jewish population of Russia in order the better to study its needs; this census is now completed, and the results have been published.
Rumania.
In order to counteract the disastrous results of the laws of 1893 by which most of the public schools were closed to Jewish children in Rumania, the Jewish Colonization Association subventions communities and societies which have established schools. There are thirty-five such schools: eighteen primary schools for boys, thirteen for girls, two mixed schools, and two commercial schools, with a total attendance of 4,953 boys and 2,945 girls. It also supports at Bucharest a school for the preparation of boys for the professions (130 pupils) and another of the same kind for girls (96 pupils), and has loaned money to about twenty communities for building school-houses. Since the end of 1899, when the economic crisis, added to the restrictive laws, forced the Jews to leave Rumania, the association has systematically organized emigration. It has a representative at Bucharest and correspondents in all the centers of emigration. It has aided about 20,000 persons in leaving Rumania, a number of whom have been settled as colonists in Argentina and Canada.
In addition to the work mentioned above, the association has assisted a large number of Jewish institutions and societies in various countries, especially such as aid emigrants and provide schools. It has also contributed large sums for colonization in Asia Minor.
Organization.
The council of administration is in charge of the work. After the death of Baron de Hirsch, S. H. Goldschmidt became president; in Oct., 1896, he was followed by Narcisse Leven; Franz Philippson is vice-president. The other members of the first council were: Alfred L. Cohen of London (succeeded by Leonard Cohen), Chief Rabbi Zadoc Kahn of Paris, Charles Hallgarten of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Georges Kohn of Paris (succeeded by Paul Errera of Brussels), Dr. Edmond Lachmann of Berlin, Herbert G. Lousada and Claude G. Montefiore of London, Julius Plotke of Frankfort-on-the-Main (succeeded by Dr. Julius Blau), and Solomon Reinach of Paris.
The council is assisted by the directorate in Paris (three members and a general secretary), where the work of the association is concentrated. In Russia there is a central committee of ten members under the presidency of Baron Horace de Gnzburg, it is appointed by the council of administration and approved by the Russian government. There is a general directorate at Buenos Ayres, with two directors who are in charge of its affairs in the Argentine Republic. Similarly, in Palestine the work is in the hands of a general directorate, under one chief director. The work in Galicia is in the hands of an agency.
Bibliography:
Since 1894 the Jewish Colonization Association has published annual reports, under the title Rapport de l'Administration Centrale au Conseil d'Administration;
reports for 1893-96 have appeared in English. There is also published a Bericht des Curatoriums der Baron Hirsch-Stiftung . . . in Galizien, . . . Lodomerien, . . . Krakau, ... und . . . Bukowina, Vienna.
G. E. Sd
Keren Kayemet LeYisrael, JNF, KakalJewish National Fund (Israel)
1920
Keren Kayemet LeYisrael: קרןקיימתלישראל; קק"ל) 1901 .
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1938 members of the Keren Kayemet committee
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:
http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ostrow/ost298.html
1920 The Keren Hayesodקרן היסוד
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JNF postage stamp, c. 1915
Keren Hayesod poster 'Help Him Build Palestine - The plough breaks through' from 1946-1947
Keren Hayesod on History Channel
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1934-35
Jewish Military Cadets with members of Brit Trumpeldor in Ostrów Maz.
on 11th November. Youngsters from various groups
Keren HaYesod Committee 5687 [1927]
Sitting from right: Icchok Morgensztern, Lejb Margolis, Icchok Berger, Rabbi Icchok Borg,
Michal son of Iser Tejtel, Michal son of Zew Tejtel
Standing: Pinchus Rajgrodski, Mosze Holcman, Chaim Glynka, Abraham Hirsz Szward and Jechiel Leszcz
A fund-raising day
Khamishoser bi-Shvat [Tu bi'shvat] Keren Kayemet committee
From right seated: Sz. Lieberman, Fruma Frojmowicz, Lejb and Gitl Margolis, Nechama Goldstein
Standing: Frejda Zylberman, M. Liwazer, Frenckel, Awiezer Tejtel, Rywka Kohn,
Marjem Tejtel, Rachel Rawda, Kukawka and Rekant
Khamishoser bi-Shvat Keren Kayemet 5685 [1925] Ostrów Maz
First row from right: Jechudis Zylbersztejn, Izrael Szuliewicz and Malka Langlejb
Second row: Kukawka, Potasz, Kac, Margolis and wife, Lach and Bursztyn.
Third row: Hochman, Kohn-Goldberg, Nyska, Rekant and Goldberg
WIZO Committee in Ostrów Maz. 27 February 1938
From right sitting: Mr. Frydman, Sara Tejtel, Gitel Margolis, Itka Rajgrodski
Middle row: Mrs. Kiwejko, Leja'cze Tejtel, Rachel Nutkiewiec
Third row: Rachel Tejtel, Helena Nutkiewicz and Mrs. Pokrzywa
Donation Receipt for The Keren Hayesod- 1930
1930
The Jewish Agency 1922
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activities carried out by the Jewish Agency
Home > News & World Jewry (old) > The Jewish Agency for Israel
http://www6.0zz0.com/2012/04/11/14/105497344.jpgThe Jewish Agency for Israel
The Jewish Agency for Israel (JAFI) is dedicated to cultivating Israel-Diaspora relationships and to advancing prosperity within the State of Israel. Assisting immigration to Israel claims a significant portion of JAFI's budget, with services such as pre-immigration preparation, absorption centers, Hebrew language ulpanim, and resettlement programs. JAFI sends close to 500 emissaries to 37 countries throughout the world, including some 150 teachers. JAFI is also involved in worldwide Jewish-Zionist education, and youth programs now exist in 26 cities and more than 150 outlying towns in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
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Below is a sample of activities carried out by the Jewish Agency.
FACTS ABOUT JEWISH AGENCY ACTIVITIES AROUND THE WORLD
(Figures refer to the year 2000 unless otherwise specified)
ISRAEL
Almost three million immigrants have begun new lives in Israel since 1948 - one million of them during the past decade.
Over 60,000 immigrants to Israel, most from the Former Soviet Union, Ethiopia and other areas of distress made aliyah.
More than 10,000 immigrant students are currently studying at higher education institutions in Israel with the help of Student Authority scholarships.
40,000 needy youngsters attended after-school centers and received a daily hot meal.
500 at-risk youngsters reside at Jewish Agency Youth Aliyah Villages each year.
More than 2000 formal and informal Jewish educators came to Israel last year to participate in Jewish Agency training programs.
Approximately 10,000 individuals from Jewish communities abroad enjoy personal encounters with Israelis each year through Partnership 2000, the People-to-People Center and other Jewish Agency programs.
15,000 Jewish teenagers from Western countries had an unforgettable time on pivotal, educational Israel Experience programs in 2000.
FORMER SOVIET UNION
The Jewish Agency operates 189 local offices throughout the former Soviet Union and carries out activities in 310 outlying towns. It employs 78 emissaries, 396 aliyah coordinators, and 549 local teachers. JAFI activities in the FSU during 2000 include:
Youth Clubs
10,220 youth and students regularly participated in youth clubs.
115,000 youth and students participated in youth club events.
Summer and Winter Camps
18,600 youth and students participated in summer and winter camps.
1,650 counselors were trained.
Study Programs in Israel for Young People from the FSU
1,604 young adults ages 15 - 21 studied in Israel
3,160 youth studied in Israel
50,200 participated in ulpanim
100,000 FSU Jews took part in Jewish holiday events
28,100 people participated in the "Jewish Identity" Project
Aliyah
186,028 people came to Jewish Agency offices to discuss aliyah opportunities
78 Aliyah coordinators, Hebrew teachers, youth and student counselors trained at special Jewish Agency seminars in Israel.
ETHIOPIA
2200 Ethiopians came to Israel in 2000
5000 immigrants are expected in 2001
ARGENTINA
Close to 400 families have made aliyah within the framework of a special Direct Community Absorption Project, a joint effort between Israeli municipalities, Jewish Agency and various support agencies (olim associations, the Ministry of Absorption, community social and religious organizations, etc.).
100 14-15 year old studied in Israel
60 high school graduates studied and prepared for higher education in Israel
1,500 students were served at 10 Jewish high schools
450 Jewish studies teachers and educators were trained
2500 children took part in summer camps
GERMANY, AUSTRIA, AND SWITZERLAND
40,000 individuals were served through JAFI's website in German.
EASTERN EUROPE
200 people attended the Jewish Agency's Aliyah 2000 seminar in Hungary
135 people from Hungary made aliyah
100 people attended the Jewish Agency's Aliyah 2000 seminar in Yugoslavia
85 people from Yugoslavia made aliyah
58 people in Slovakia attended a weekly Hebrew ulpan
18 people from Slovakia made aliyah
120 people attended the Jewish Agency's Aliyah 2000 seminar in Bulgaria
150 attended the Jewish Agency's Aliyah 2000 seminar in the Czech republic
Currently:
350 people are attending Hebrew ulpan in Hungary
260 people are attending Hebrew ulpan in the Czech republic
25 people are attending Hebrew ulpan in Slovakia
Partnership 2000
JAFI facilitates a myriad of opportunities for direct, people-to-people encounters between Israelis and their Diaspora counterparts. The primary vehicle for such experiences is Partnership 2000.
Partnership 2000 was launched in 1995 by the Jewish Agency together with the United Jewish Appeal and Keren Hayesod. Partnership 2000 addresses two prime challenges facing the world Jewish community today:
Developing Israel's priority areas
Linking Jews in Israel and in the Diaspora to promote Jewish continuity
Partnership 2000 offers Diaspora Jewish communities an opportunity for direct involvement in developing Israel's peripheries. Atlanta has partnered with the Yokneam/Meggido region. The program is a collaborative process providing the Atlanta Jewish community with direct involvement in developing Yokneam/Megiddo. Decision-making and project prioritization is done on a joint basis making P2K a framework for partnership in the fullest sense of the word.
Trilateral Partnership: Atlanta-Yokneam/Meggido- Minsk
Trilateral partnerships link together Jewish communities on three continents to create a network uniting Jewish People worldwide. The Atlanta community has partnered with the Yokneam/ Megiddo region in Israel and Minsk in the Former Soviet Union as the third geographic element to form a unique trilateral relationship.
In Trilateral programming incorporates Participants into a global Jewish relationship. Atlanta participants in these activities will link up with other Jews who have different perspectives formed through their experiences in different environments and thereby strengthening Jewish identity and commitment between the communities. Joint programming and activities including people from the Former Soviet Union, the Yokneam/Megiddo region and Atlanta, in both the FSU and Israel would gain invaluable educational experiences while benefiting their home communities.
Links to Jewish Agency sites:
Agenda - A weekly publication of the Jewish Agency connecting the Jewish World - http://www.jafi.org.il/agenda/english/index.asp
The goals of the Jewish Agency were defined during the 16th Zionist conference as the followings:
Boosting the development of the Jewish emigration. The lands bought were considered as a general Jewish property.
Encouraging the agricultural settling based on the Jewish labor. The Jewish Agency was more like a government protected by the British Mandate
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They secured the money and the bloody handsLet us see how they built their mercenary forces
Hasho-meer
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It was established in 1909 by Jewish immigrants who were members in the Pargiora ( Jewish Private association founded by Isaac Bin Zevi, Alexander Zed and Israel Shohet in 1907 for guarding purposes).
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Members of Hasho-meer
The Haganah
ההגנה
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1921Haganah (Hebrew: "The Defense", ההגנה HaHagana) was a Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces
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פנייה אישית ממייסד ויקיפדיה ג'ימי ויילס
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Mickey Marcus
(1902-1948)
David Daniel Mickey Marcus, a tough Brooklyn street kid, rose by virtue of his courage and intelligence to help save Israel in 1948 and become its first general since Judah Maccabee. After a distinguished career in military and public service to the United States, the 46-year-old Marcus wrote his name forever in the annals of Israeli history.
Born to immigrant parents in 1902, Marcus grew up in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn where, to defend himself against neighborhood toughs, he learned to box. His high school athletic and academic record won him admission to West Point in 1920, from which he graduated with impressive scores. After completing his required service, Marcus went to law school and spent most of the 1930s as a Federal attorney in New York, helping bring Lucky Luciano to justice. As a reward, Mayor LaGuardia named Marcus Commissioner of Corrections for New York City.
Convinced that war was imminent, Marcus voluntarily went back into Army uniform in 1940, and after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor served as executive officer to the military governor of Hawaii. In 1942, he was named commandant of the Army's new Ranger school, which developed innovative tactics for jungle fighting. Sent to England on the eve of D-Day, he voluntarily parachuted into Normandy with the troops of the 101st Airborne Division. Marcus helped draw up the surrender terms for Italy and Germany and became part of the occupation government in Berlin. Admiring colleagues identified him as one of the War Department's best brains. He had a bright future ahead of him as a member of the Army's top brass.
In 1944, Marcus's consciousness of himself as a Jew took a dramatic turn when he was put in charge of planning how to sustain the starving millions in the regions liberated by the Allied invasion of Europe. A major part of his responsibilities involved clearing out the Nazi death camps. Here, Marcus came face to face with the survivors of Nazi atrocities and saw with his own eyes the piles of uncounted Jewish corpses in Europe's death camps. Following that assignment, Marcus was named chief of the War Crimes Division, planning legal and security procedures for the Nuremberg trials. Through these experiences, Marcus came to understand the depths of European anti-Semitism. Though never previously a Zionist, Marcus became convinced that the only hope for the remnants of European Jewry lay in a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
In 1947, Marcus returned to civilian life. A few months later, the United Nations authorized the division of Palestine and the eventual creation of a Jewish state. Within days, David Ben-Gurion asked Marcus to recruit an American officer to serve as military advisor to Israel. Failing in his attempts to recruit one of his friends, Marcus decided to volunteer himself. The U.S. War Department granted Marcus, who was a reservist, permission to accept the offer, provided Marcus not use his own name or rank and disguise his military record.
Thus, one "Michael Stone" arrived in Tel Aviv in January 1948, to confront a nearly impossible situation. The widely separated Jewish settlements in Palestine were surrounded by a sea of hostile Arabs. The newly created Israel would have no defensible borders, no air power, a few tanks and ancient artillery pieces and almost no arms or ammunition. The Haganah was an effective underground organization but it had no experience as a regular national army. Facing it were well-supplied Arab armies determined to drive the Jews into the sea. The pro-Arab British administration in Palestine prevented the importation of military supplies to the Israelis.
Undaunted, Stone designed a command structure for Israel's new army and wrote manuals to train it, adapting his experience at Ranger school to the Haganah's special needs. He identified Israel's weakest points as the scattered settlements in the Negev and the new quarter of Jerusalem. When Israel declared independence and the Arab armies attacked in May 1948, Israel was ready, thanks to Stone's planning. His hit-and-run tactics kept the Egyptian army in the Negev off balance. When the Jewish section of Jerusalem was about to fall, Marcus ordered the construction of a road to bring additional men and equipment to break the Arab siege just days before the United Nations negotiated a cease fire. Israel had withstood the Arab assault with its borders virtually intact. In gratitude, Ben Gurion named Mickey Marcus Lieutenant General, the first general in the army of Israel in nearly two thousand years.
Tragically Marcus did not live to see the peace. Six hours before the cease fire began, in the village Of Abu Ghosh near Jerusalem, Marcus was unable to sleep. He walked beyond the guarded perimeter wrapped in his bed sheet. A Jewish sentry saw a white-robed figure approaching and, not understanding Marcus's response to his challenge, fired a single, fatal shot. Marcus's body was flown back for burial at West Point, where his tombstone identifies him as "A Soldier for All Humanity." Hollywood would later immortalize Marcus in a movie, "Cast A Giant Shadow." Ben-Gurion put it simply, "He was the best man we had."
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Efroim Hersz Niedzwiecki
Efroim Hersz Niedzwiecki was born in Radzilow on March 11, 1920.
In 1933, Efroim, his parents, and his sisters, Sara, Tova, Shoshana, and Yaffa, all emigrated to Israel. At that time Palestine was under the British Mandate.
Efroim enlisted in the British Army in Sarafend, on December 2, 1939. During the war in Greece, his unit of the British Army was captured by the Germans and transferred to a camp in Germany named Stalag VIII B. They were prisoners of war.
Efroim spent four years in the Stalag. After the war was over, he went back to Palestine. He was released from the British Army after six years and 27 days of service, on January 14, 1946.
He married to Drora Pais, and lived most of his life in Moshav Magshimim. Efroim was a builder and specialized in plaster work, which brought him to work all over Israel.
Efroim had joined the Israeli Army in 1948 and served in the reserve until 1975.
In 1965, the British Ministry of War honored Efroim's service and decorated him with 3 medals: the 1939-45 Star Medal, the Africa Star. and a general service medal (most likely for service in Palestine).
Efroim died at the age 85 on May 5, 2005, and was buried at the cemetery in Moshav Magshimim, next to his wife Drora who had passed away in November, 2001
Efroim Hersz Niedzwiecki's World War II medals
Left to right: 1939-45 Star, Africa Star, a general service medal
Efroim Hersz Niedzwiecki's World War II medals
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Rabbi Yehudah Alkalai (1798-1878)
Rabbi Tzevi Hirsh Kalischer (Kalisher (1795-1874)
Theodor (Binyamin Zeev) Herzl(1860-1904)
Leon (Yehuda Leib) Pinsker (1821-1891)
Moses Hess משה הס(1812- 1875)
Achad Ha'am (Asher Ginsberg (1856 -1927)
Arthur Ruppin (1876-1943)
Nachman Syrkin (1868-1924 )
Zeev (Vladimir) Jabotinsky (1880 - 1940)
Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952)
David Ben Gurion (1886-1973)
Moshe Sharett (Shertok) (1894 - 1965)
Levi Eshkol (1895-1969)
Golda Meir (Meyerson) (1898-1978)
Yitzhak Rabin (1922-1995)
Lord Balfour (25 1848-19 1930).
() ""(1868-1937)
אֲרִיאֵל שָׁרוֹן( 26 1928 4 2010)
(20 1926 -17 2001)
Chaim Ozer GrodzinskiRabbi חיים עוזר גרוז'נסקי (1863 9 August 1940)
Epstein, Moshe Mordekhay
Don Ikhya, Ihuda Leybfrom 5649 (1888) until 5652 (1892).
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Keren Kayemet LeYisrael, JNF, KakalJewish National Fund (Israel) 1920
1920 The Keren Hayesodקרן היסוד
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