Jerusalem. From the religious viewpoints of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the main city in ancient *Palestine (= modern Israel), where the *Temple of David/Solomon had been located, *Jesus/Joshua had been crucified/resurrected, Muhammad had journeyed to heaven (his <a>miraj</>), among other significant things. Thus for all three religions, in some senses Jerusalem is a or the "holy city."Jerusalem. From the religious viewpoints of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the main city in ancient *Palestine (= modern Israel), where the *Temple of David/Solomon had been located, *Jesus/Joshua had been crucified/resurrected, Muhammad had journeyed to heaven (his <a>miraj</>), among other significant things. Thus for all three religions, in some senses Jerusalem is a or the "holy city."
Jesus/Joshua ("Jesus" is the Greek attempt to transliterate the Semitic name "Joshua"). The *Palestinian figure from the 1st century CE whose death and alleged resurrection as God's *Messiah/*Christ became foundational for an *early Jewish sub-group known as Nazarenes, from which "Christianity" ultimately developed as a separate religion.Jesus/Joshua ("Jesus" is the Greek attempt to transliterate the Semitic name "Joshua"). The *Palestinian figure from the 1st century CE whose death and alleged resurrection as God's *Messiah/*Christ became foundational for an *early Jewish sub-group known as Nazarenes, from which "Christianity" ultimately developed as a separate religion.
Josephus or Flavius Josephus. Jewish general and author in the latter part of the 1st century CE who wrote a massive history ("Antiquities") of the Jews and a detailed treatment of the Jewish revolt against Rome in 66-73 CE (and his involvement in it), among other things.. Jewish general and author in the latter part of the 1st century CE who wrote a massive history ("Antiquities") of the Jews and a detailed treatment of the Jewish revolt against Rome in 66-73 CE (and his involvement in it), among other things.
Judah the Prince (Heb., haNasi). Head of the *rabbinic Jewish community in *Palestine around 200 CE. Credited with publication of the *Mishnah.(Heb., ha Nasi). Head of the *rabbinic Jewish community in *Palestine around 200 CE. Credited with publication of the *Mishnah.
Judaism, Jew. From the Hebrew name of the *patriarch Judah, whose name also came to designate the tribe and tribal district in which *Jerusalem was located. Thus the inhabitants of Judah and members of the tribe of Judah come to be called "Judahites" or, in short form, "Jews." The religious outlook associated with these people comes to be called "Judaism," and has varying characteristics at different times and places: see especially *early Judaism, *rabbinic Judaism.. From the Hebrew name of the *patriarch Judah, whose name also came to designate the tribe and tribal district in which *Jerusalem was located. Thus the inhabitants of Judah and members of the tribe of Judah come to be called "Judahites" or, in short form, "Jews." The religious outlook associated with these people comes to be called "Judaism," and has varying characteristics at different times and places: see especially *early Judaism, *rabbinic Judaism.
justification. In Christian thought, the state (or judicial act) of being released by God from the guilt of sin.justification. In Christian thought, the state (or judicial act) of being released by God from the guilt of sin.justification. In Christian thought, the state (or judicial act) of being released by God from the guilt of sin.justification. In Christian thought, the state (or judicial act) of being released by God from the guilt of sin.
kaddish. A *classical Jewish prayer (mostly in Aramaic) with *eschatological focus extolling God's majesty and kingdom recited at the conclusion of each major section of each *liturgical service; a long version (called rabbinic kaddish) follows an act of study; also a prayer by mourners during the first year of bereavement and on the anniversary of the death of next-of-kin. Compare the Christian *"Lord's Prayer," Islam's *Fatiha.. A *classical Jewish prayer (mostly in Aramaic) with *eschatological focus extolling God's majesty and kingdom recited at the conclusion of each major section of each *liturgical service; a long version (called rabbinic kaddish) follows an act of study; also a prayer by mourners during the first year of bereavement and on the anniversary of the death of next-of-kin. Compare the Christian *"Lord's Prayer," Islam's *Fatiha.
Karaism, Karaites. Derived from Heb. <h>kara (qara)</>, "******ure." A Middle Eastern *heterodox Jewish group that arose in opposition to *Rabbinism in the 8th century CE, and emphasized the written *******ures while criticizing the rabbinic use of *"oral law."Karaism, Karaites. Derived from Heb. <h>kara (qara)</>, "******ure." A Middle Eastern *heterodox Jewish group that arose in opposition to *Rabbinism in the 8th century CE, and emphasized the written *******ures while criticizing the rabbinic use of *"oral law."
keneset Israel. "Assembly of Israel," or the Jewish people as a whole. See Muslim *umma; compare Christian *church. keneset Israel. "Assembly of Israel," or the Jewish people as a whole. See Muslim *umma; compare Christian *church.
Kingdom of God. The state of the world in which God's will is fulfilled; expected to be brought into being at the end of time when Christ returns.. The state of the world in which God's will is fulfilled; expected to be brought into being at the end of time when Christ returns.
kohen or cohen (pl. <h>kohanim</>; Heb.). An Israelite *priest, generally descended from the tribe of Levi.kohen or cohen (pl. <h>kohanim</>; Heb.). An Israelite *priest, generally descended from the tribe of Levi.
kosher (Heb., <h>kasher</>). "Proper" or "ritually correct"; <h>kashrut</> refers to ritually correct Jewish dietary practices. Traditional Jewish dietary laws are based on *biblical legislation. Only land animals that chew the cud and have split hooves (sheep, beef; not pigs, camels) are permitted and must be slaughtered in a special way. Further, meat products may not be eaten with milk products or immediately thereafter. Of sea creatures, only those (fish) having fins and scales are permitted. Fowl is considered a meat food and also has to be slaughtered in a special manner.kosher (Heb., <h>kasher</>). "Proper" or "ritually correct"; <h>kashrut</> refers to ritually correct Jewish dietary practices. Traditional Jewish dietary laws are based on *biblical legislation. Only land animals that chew the cud and have split hooves (sheep, beef; not pigs, camels) are permitted and must be slaughtered in a special way. Further, meat products may not be eaten with milk products or immediately thereafter. Of sea creatures, only those (fish) having fins and scales are permitted. Fowl is considered a meat food and also has to be slaughtered in a special manner.
law. See *torah, *commandments, *oral and written law, *halakah, *Shulhan Aruch, *nomos, *shariah.. See *torah, *commandments, *oral and written law, *halakah, *Shulhan Aruch, *nomos, *shariah.
levarite marriage. From the Latin <l>levir</> for the Hebrew <h>yabam</>, brother-in-law; a *biblical system of marriage in which the levir marries his brother's widow (Deuteronomy 25.5-10).. From the Latin <l>levir</> for the Hebrew <h>yabam</>, brother-in-law; a *biblical system of marriage in which the levir marries his brother's widow (Deuteronomy 25.5-10).
liturgy (adj. liturgical). Rites of public worship, usually institutionalized in *temple, *synagogue, or *church tradition.(adj. liturgical). Rites of public worship, usually institutionalized in *temple, *synagogue, or *church tradition.
logos (Greek, "word," "speech"; divine reason). A Greek term found in various connections in hellenistic thought, including the philosophy of Philo the 1st century CE Alexandrian Jew where it is comparable to the Hebrew <h>hokmah</> ("wisdom"; Greek <g>sofia</>). In the Christian Gospel of John, <g>logos</> is equated with the divine functions of *Jesus Christ (John 1.1-18).Greek, "word," "speech"; divine reason). A Greek term found in various connections in hellenistic thought, including the philosophy of Philo the 1st century CE Alexandrian Jew where it is comparable to the Hebrew <h>hokmah</> ("wisdom"; Greek <g>sofia</>). In the Christian Gospel of John, <g>logos</> is equated with the divine functions of *Jesus Christ (John 1.1-18).
Lord's Prayer (or "the Our Father"). A familiar Christian prayer attributed to *Jesus/Joshua (*NT Matthew 6.9-13) and comparable to the Jewish *kaddish (see also Islam's *Fatiha).). A familiar Christian prayer attributed to *Jesus/Joshua (*NT Matthew 6.9-13) and comparable to the Jewish *kaddish (see also Islam's *Fatiha).
Marranos. An old Spanish term meaning "swine," used to execrate medieval Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity but secretly kept their Judaism.Marranos. An old Spanish term meaning "swine," used to execrate medieval Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity but secretly kept their Judaism.Marranos. An old Spanish term meaning "swine," used to execrate medieval Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity but secretly kept their Judaism.Marranos. An old Spanish term meaning "swine," used to execrate medieval Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity but secretly kept their Judaism.
Masoretes, Masoretic ****. Derived from <h>masorah</>, meaning "tradition"; the Masoretes were the rabbis in ninth-century *Palestine who sought to preserve the traditional **** of the Bible (hence called the Masoretic ****), which is still used in contemporary *synagogues. The Masoretes were scholars who encouraged Bible study and attempted to achieve unlformity by establishing rules for correcting the **** in matters of spelling, grammar, and pronunciation.Masoretes, Masoretic ****. Derived from <h>masorah</>, meaning "tradition"; the Masoretes were the rabbis in ninth-century *Palestine who sought to preserve the traditional **** of the Bible (hence called the Masoretic ****), which is still used in contemporary *synagogues. The Masoretes were scholars who encouraged Bible study and attempted to achieve unlformity by establishing rules for correcting the **** in matters of spelling, grammar, and pronunciation.Masoretes, Masoretic ****. Derived from <h>masorah</>, meaning "tradition"; the Masoretes were the rabbis in ninth-century *Palestine who sought to preserve the traditional **** of the Bible (hence called the Masoretic ****), which is still used in contemporary *synagogues. The Masoretes were scholars who encouraged Bible study and attempted to achieve unlformity by establishing rules for correcting the **** in matters of spelling, grammar, and pronunciation.Masoretes, Masoretic ****. Derived from <h>masorah</>, meaning "tradition"; the Masoretes were the rabbis in ninth-century *Palestine who sought to preserve the traditional **** of the Bible (hence called the Masoretic ****), which is still used in contemporary *synagogues. The Masoretes were scholars who encouraged Bible study and attempted to achieve unlformity by establishing rules for correcting the **** in matters of spelling, grammar, and pronunciation.
mass (from Latin for "send"). In *classical (Roman *Catholic) Christianity, the entire set of prayers and ceremonies surrounding the *eucharist. See also *Christmas.mass (from Latin for "send"). In *classical (Roman *Catholic) Christianity, the entire set of prayers and ceremonies surrounding the *eucharist. See also *Christmas.mass (from Latin for "send"). In *classical (Roman *Catholic) Christianity, the entire set of prayers and ceremonies surrounding the *eucharist. See also *Christmas.mass (from Latin for "send"). In *classical (Roman *Catholic) Christianity, the entire set of prayers and ceremonies surrounding the *eucharist. See also *Christmas.
messiah. Lit "anointed one"; Greek <g>christos</>. Ancient *priests and kings (and sometimes *prophets) of Israel were anointed with oil. In early Judaism, the term came to mean a royal descendant of the dynasty of David who would restore the united kingdom of Israel and Judah and usher in an age of peace, justice and plenty; the redeemer figure. The concept developed in many directions over the centuries. The messianic age was believed by some Jews to be a time of perfection of human institutions; others believed it to be a time of radical new beginnings, a new heaven and earth, after divine judgment and destruction. The title came to be applied to *Jesus/Joshua of Nazareth by his followers, who were soon called "Christians" in Greek and Latin usage. Jesus is also "Messiah" in Islam (e.g. *Quran 3.45).messiah. Lit "anointed one"; Greek <g>christos</>. Ancient *priests and kings (and sometimes *prophets) of Israel were anointed with oil. In early Judaism, the term came to mean a royal descendant of the dynasty of David who would restore the united kingdom of Israel and Judah and usher in an age of peace, justice and plenty; the redeemer figure. The concept developed in many directions over the centuries. The messianic age was believed by some Jews to be a time of perfection of human institutions; others believed it to be a time of radical new beginnings, a new heaven and earth, after divine judgment and destruction. The title came to be applied to *Jesus/Joshua of Nazareth by his followers, who were soon called "Christians" in Greek and Latin usage. Jesus is also "Messiah" in Islam (e.g. *Quran 3.45).messiah. Lit "anointed one"; Greek <g>christos</>. Ancient *priests and kings (and sometimes *prophets) of Israel were anointed with oil. In early Judaism, the term came to mean a royal descendant of the dynasty of David who would restore the united kingdom of Israel and Judah and usher in an age of peace, justice and plenty; the redeemer figure. The concept developed in many directions over the centuries. The messianic age was believed by some Jews to be a time of perfection of human institutions; others believed it to be a time of radical new beginnings, a new heaven and earth, after divine judgment and destruction. The title came to be applied to *Jesus/Joshua of Nazareth by his followers, who were soon called "Christians" in Greek and Latin usage. Jesus is also "Messiah" in Islam (e.g. *Quran 3.45).